1. Medieval Western Europe A Quest for Order

2. PeriodizationPeriodization Early Middle Ages: 500 – 1000 High Middle Ages: 1000 – 1250 Late Middle Ages: 1250 - 1500

3. Western Europe. In the “Middle Ages The Medieval World—Conversion of Clovis links German barbarians with Christianity (496) Problem of Order after collapse of Rome Competing interests: single empire— reconstitution of Rome; Christendom under papacy; unforeseen third option—Dynastic States.

4. Europe in the 6c

5. Souces of the Medieval World  Memory of the Old Roman Empire  Memory of Greco-Roman Civilization  Emergence of the Institutional Church  Germanic Culture Beginnings of Europe: St. Remi baptizes Clovis

6. The Medieval Catholic Church v filled the power vacuum left from the collapse of the classical world. v monasticism: § St. Benedict – Benedictine Rule of poverty, chastity, and obedience. § provided schools for the children of the upper class. § inns, hospitals, refuge in times of war. § libraries & scriptoria to copy books and illuminate manuscripts. § monks  missionaries to the barbarians. [St. Patrick, St. Boniface]

7. The Power of the Medieval Church v bishops and abbots played a large part in the feudal system. v the church controlled about 1/3 of the land in Western Europe. v tried to curb feudal warfare  only 40 days a year for combat. v curb heresies  crusades; Inquisition v tithe  1/10 tax on your assets given to the church. v Peter’s Pence  1 penny per person [paid by the peasants].

8. A Medieval Monk’s Day

9. A Medieval Monastery: The Scriptorium

10. Illuminated Manuscripts

11. Papacy Under Church fathers, early heresy is overcome—nature of Jesus.Under Church fathers, early heresy is overcome—nature of Jesus. Triumph of St. Augustine’s world view (354-430) Civitas DeiTriumph of St. Augustine’s world view (354-430) Civitas Dei Leo I (440-61) and Gregory the Great (590-604) elevate position of papacy—new converts accept papal supremacy.Leo I (440-61) and Gregory the Great (590-604) elevate position of papacy—new converts accept papal supremacy. Is Pope superior to Kings?Is Pope superior to Kings?

12. Papacy-2 Gelasian TheoryGelasian Theory Investiture ControvesyInvestiture Controvesy Innocent III (1198-1216)Innocent III (1198-1216) Gothic ArchitectureGothic Architecture ScholasticismScholasticism

13. Romanesque Architectural Style e Rounded Arches. e Barrel vaults. e Thick walls. e Darker, simplistic interiors. e Small windows, usually at the top of the wall.

14. Gothic Architectural Style e Replaced Romanesque e Pointed arches. e High, narrow vaults. e Thinner walls. e Flying buttresses. e Elaborate, ornate, airier interiors. e Stained-glass windows. “Flying” Buttresses

15. Cathedral At Chartres— Romanesque And Gothic

16. Cathedral at Rheims

17. So Why Doesn’t the Papacy Prevail CorruptionCorruption Babylonian Captivity of the Papacy (1305-1377)Babylonian Captivity of the Papacy (1305-1377) Great Schism (1378-1415)Great Schism (1378-1415) Failure of Conciliar Movement (1422-1450)Failure of Conciliar Movement (1422-1450) Success of Dynastic StatesSuccess of Dynastic States

18. A Quest for a New Rome Collapse of the Merovingian Dynasty—Les Rois FainéantsCollapse of the Merovingian Dynasty—Les Rois Fainéants Coming of the Carolingians— Charles Martel; Donation of PepinComing of the Carolingians— Charles Martel; Donation of Pepin Charlemagne—Crowned 800 as H. R. E.Charlemagne—Crowned 800 as H. R. E. Treaty of Verdun--843Treaty of Verdun--843

19. Charlemagne: 742 to 814

20. Charlemagne’s Empire

21. Pope Crowned Charlemagne Holy Roman Emperor: Dec. 25, 800

22. The Carolingian Renaissance

23. Carolingian Miniscule

24. Charlemagne’s Empire Collapses: Treaty of Verdun, 843

25. Fedualism-Manorialism: Response to Collapse of Carolingian Order Decentralized governmental systems—local nobles defacto rulers--feudalismDecentralized governmental systems—local nobles defacto rulers--feudalism ReciprocityReciprocity Localized economies tied to self sufficient manors--manorialismLocalized economies tied to self sufficient manors--manorialism

26. FeudalismFeudalism A political, economic, and social system based on loyalty and military service.

27. The Medieval Manor

28. Life on the Medieval Manor Serfs at work

29. Feudal Socio/Political Order

30. Emergence of Dynastic States Success in Western Europe— forerunners of England, France, and SpainSuccess in Western Europe— forerunners of England, France, and Spain Interference of Papacy deterred evolution of more-or-less unitary states in the Italian Penensula and the Germanies until the 19 th century.Interference of Papacy deterred evolution of more-or-less unitary states in the Italian Penensula and the Germanies until the 19 th century.

31. Anglo-Saxon Heptarchy

32. Alfred the Great (871-899) King of Wessex who wielded power over all of Heptarchy Defeated Vikings (Danes) Issued a Code of Laws for all the realm Began the English Navy Commissioned the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (measure of stability)

33. The Rise of European Monarchies: England

34. William the Conqueror: Battle of Hastings, 1066 (Bayeaux Tapestry)

35. William I—King of England (1066- 1087) Introduced Norman Feudalism into England— emphasized power of King (Salisbury Oath)Introduced Norman Feudalism into England— emphasized power of King (Salisbury Oath) Domesday SurveyDomesday Survey Great Council created out of WitanGreat Council created out of Witan Curia Regis establishedCuria Regis established Much central authority compared to earlier governmental arrangements in EnglandMuch central authority compared to earlier governmental arrangements in England

36. Evolution of England’s Political System v Henry I: § William’s son. § set up a court system. § Exchequer  dept. of royal finances. v Henry II: § established the principle of common law throughout the kingdom. § grand jury. § trial by jury.

37. Magna Carta, 1215 v King John I v v Runnymeade v “Great Charter” v Law was superior to the king/King could be compelled to obey the law. v kings had to consult a council of advisors. v kings could not tax arbitrarily.

38. The Beginnings of the British Parliament v Both tool of nobles and tool of crown: § 1295—Model Parliament under Edward III (1272-1307)—included all classes of representatives—Nobles, plus Burgesses (towns) and Knights of the Shire (Counties). § by 1400, two chambers evolved: o House of Lords  nobles & clergy. o House of Commons  knights and burgesses.

39. Wars of the Roses Long View—1399-1485Long View—1399-1485 Contingency—might not have been necessary if Henry V had lived a long time.Contingency—might not have been necessary if Henry V had lived a long time. Contingency—Richard III’s image and usurpation gave Tudors a chance to press the Lancastrian claim.Contingency—Richard III’s image and usurpation gave Tudors a chance to press the Lancastrian claim. Henry VII not only had to prevail at Bosworth Field, he and his descendants had to create mythologies and interests that supported a nascent nationalism.Henry VII not only had to prevail at Bosworth Field, he and his descendants had to create mythologies and interests that supported a nascent nationalism. Dynastic State as alternative to feudal-based Civil War.Dynastic State as alternative to feudal-based Civil War.

40. Long View: Wars of the Roses

41. The Rise of European Monarchies: France

42. Dynastic State in France Hugh Capet (r. 987-1328) held exclusive title to Ile de France.Hugh Capet (r. 987-1328) held exclusive title to Ile de France. Louis VI (r. 1108-37) added to Capetian lands and crushed nobles who resisted.Louis VI (r. 1108-37) added to Capetian lands and crushed nobles who resisted. Philip II (r. 1180-1223) was first French King to be more powerful than any of his Vassals.Philip II (r. 1180-1223) was first French King to be more powerful than any of his Vassals. Philip IV (r. 1285-1314) intimidated Pope Boniface VIII, leading College of Cardinals to name a Frenchman Pope.Philip IV (r. 1285-1314) intimidated Pope Boniface VIII, leading College of Cardinals to name a Frenchman Pope. Louis IX (r. 1461-1483) used nationalism— hatred of English and defeated Duke of Burgundy—master of “real politik”Louis IX (r. 1461-1483) used nationalism— hatred of English and defeated Duke of Burgundy—master of “real politik”

43. Spain Conquered by Muslims/Caliphate of Cordova (718)Conquered by Muslims/Caliphate of Cordova (718) La Reconquista—(718-1492)La Reconquista—(718-1492) Kingdom of Castile (early 13 th Century—survived Wars of Succession over Isabella’s ascension in 1374)Kingdom of Castile (early 13 th Century—survived Wars of Succession over Isabella’s ascension in 1374) Kingdom of Aragon (1150)Kingdom of Aragon (1150) Isabella m. Ferdinand—1469Isabella m. Ferdinand—1469

44. Waning of the Middle Ages CrusadesCrusades Rise of Towns and CitiesRise of Towns and Cities TradeTrade End of Scholastic ConsensusEnd of Scholastic Consensus

45. Christian Crusades: East and West