2. Japan’s attack on China caused US alarm as to trade status – Open Door Policy Japan declared policy obsolete US retaliated by loaning money to China and asking US munitions makers not to sell to Japan Sep 1940 – US stopped sale of scrap iron to Japan – Japan retaliated by signing alliance with Germany and Italy

3. FDR extended embargo to machine tools Neither Japan nor US wanted war – US made demands Japan refused to meet concerning expansion in Asia Japanese code broken – US knew attack imminent

4. Surprise attack knocked US Pacific fleet out of action 2,300 killed 1,100 wounded Admiral Kimmel and General Short blamed Defeat due to confusion and poor communication at all levels

5. Though Democrats retained majorities in both houses, conservatives kept lid on many of FDR’s initiatives Roosevelt good war leader but poor administrator – inspired the nation towards war effort but administration mired in confusion, inefficiency, bickering

6. War caused huge increase in production effectively ending the Depression The South saw a revival with more manufacturing also establishment of many military camps By December 1941, Depression- era administrations squabbling with industry over resources, etc. FDR refused to get involved

7. By 1943 economy was being managed by Office of War Mobilization under former Supreme Court Justice Byrnes Rents, wages, food prices were strictly regulated Important food and other items were rationed

8. Labor shortages caused by draft and increased manufacturing gave unions more power FDR created National War Labor Board to arbitrate disputes between labor and management Coal strike caused Congress to give president power to take over any war plant threatened by a strike

9. Despite war, average citizen saw no drop in standard of living Production of cars ceased and gas severely rationed but all other civilian activities went on Meat, sugar, shoes rationed but average needs met Skirts shortened, cuffs disappeared, as did vests to conserve cloth Silk stockings no longer available

12. Federal government spent more $ between 1941-1945 than in its entire previous history National debt rose from $260 billion More than 40% of expenditures met through taxation – high taxes on high incomes Annual incomes limited to $25,000

13. Taxes paid even by the poorest segments of society First time taxes withheld by employers Tax policies resulted in smaller wealth gap

14. Migrations to new industrial areas Population of California rose >50 % Marriage and birth rates increased Population increased 3 million during 1930’s – in next five years it rose 6.5 million

15. Blacks treated better in military than in WWI Segregation still maintained in all services Segregation led to several small riots and mutinies US Navy continued to keep blacks in demeaning non-combat tasks Doris “Dorie” Miller

16. Black economic situation improved  More employed  Migration to Northern cities  Acquired more advanced skills  Concentration in ghettos increased political clout NAACP adopted a more militant stance Whites reacted to black advancements with strikes – riots erupted killing blacks and whites

17. Thousands of Mexicans came north to take jobs Bracero Program – migrant agricultural work Work plentiful and standards of living rose Many Mexican-Americans served in military Zoot Suit Riots

18. Who's that whisperin' in the trees? It's two sailors and they're on leave Pipes and chains and swingin' hands Who's your daddy, yes I am Fat cat came to play now he can't run fast enough You had best stay away when the pushers come to shove Zoot suit riot, (Riot) Throw back a bottle of beer Zoot suit riot (Riot) Pull a comb through your coal black hair Zoot suit riot, (Riot) Throw back a bottle of beer Zoot suit riot (Riot) Pull a comb through your coal black hair Blow Daddy A whipped up jitterbuggin' brown eyed man A stray cat frontin' up an eight-piece band Cut me Sammy and you'll understand In my veins hot music ran You got me in a sway, and I want to swing you done Now you sailors know, where your women come for love Zoot suit riot, (Riot) Throw back a bottle of beer Zoot suit riot (Riot) Pull a comb through your coal black hair You're in a Zoot Suit riot Zoot zy-ow - Zoot za zoo zay Hey al-oo-ay-en - zay zay zay Zoot zy-ay-ay ow - Zoot za zoo zay Ze-zoo-ze-zehoo - day de day You got me in a sway, and I want to swing you done Now you sailors know, where your women come for love Zoot suit riot, (Riot) Throw back a bottle of beer Zoot suit riot (Riot) Pull a comb through your coal black hair You're in a zoot suit riot

19. Indian assimilation was encouraged - >24,000 served in the war while others moved to cities and worked in factories Windtalkers- Navajo tribe used as radio operators as Navajo was unwritten language

20. Pearl Harbor caused fear of Japanese sabotage Executive Order 9066 - Japanese to be interned in camps throughout the West Korematsu v. The United States 442 nd Regimental Combat Team

27. Women worked in almost all fields including high-paying industrial jobs Others enlisted in women military auxiliaries Men initially resistant – “women not capable” Demand for labor broke all barriers Loneliness brought on infidelity and divorce rates skyrocketed Rosie the Riveter

28. Allies decided to tackle Europe first USSR and Britain had backs to wall Allied planes began bombing German cities from 1942 on First American assault on North Africa  Churchill’s motives  Vichy French – Admiral Darlan  Kasserine Pass

30. Attack on Sicily Attack on Italy  Surrender of Italy  Stalemate at Monte Cassino  Invasion at Anzio  Mussolini killed by Italian partisans

31.  D-Day  6 June 1944  Invasion of Western Europe Patton’s drive east Operation Market-Garden  Airborne assaults on bridges – cross Rhine River Battle of the Bulge  Last-gasp attempt by Hitler to stop Allied advance in West

33. Bridge at Remagen Race to Berlin Concentration camps May – VE Day Deaths of Roosevelt & Hitler

34. Scissors beats paper every time!

36. Every individual flag equals 100,000 soldiers dead Every individual skull equals 100,000 dead civilians Every individual Star of David equals 100,000 dead Jews

37. Battle of the Coral Sea – carrier battle – peak of Japanese expansion Battle of Midway – Japan goes on defense General Douglas MacArthur Island Hopping  Guadalcanal  Tarawa, Saipan, Guam  Philippines

38. Kamikazes Battle of Leyte Gulf Iwo Jima and Okinawa Invasion of the Japanese home islands? Hell in the Pacific Parts I and II

41. The Manhattan Project  Multi-national effort under US leadership  Director - J. Robert Oppenheimer Russian declaration of war against Japan 8 August 1945 VJ-Day – 15 August The Atomic Bomb

42. Little Boy  Uranium core  Gun method  Dropped on Hiroshima 6August 1945 Fat Man  Plutonium core  Implosion method  Dropped on Nagasaki 9 August 1945

43. Little BoyFat Man

44. Debate  Was the use of nuclear weapons against Japan necessary and/or ethical?  Did nuclear weapons force the surrender of Japan?  Was an invasion of Japan necessary to win the war?

45. US pushed image of Russia (USSR) as a friend during war Russia appeared to back US plans for post-WWII world including UN Russia: seeking domination or security?

46. Yalta  US agreed to Russian annexation of Poland in return for free elections  Discussed partition of Germany  Agreed to establishment of UN

47. Potsdam  Allies agreed on war crimes trials  Confirmed division of Germany into occupied zones  Called on surrender of Japan

48. The General Assembly The Security Council (Permanent Members)  US, Great Britain, USSR, France, China  Veto