1. Unit 7 Ch 13 and 20 Starts on page 313

2. 1. Three countries that use most of the water from the Nile are Ethiopia, Sudan, and Egypt 1. Three countries that use most of the water from the Nile are Ethiopia, Sudan, and Egypt 2. a. cut population growth b. go to war with Sudan c. reduce irrigation water waste d. import grain e. make water sharing agreements 2. a. cut population growth b. go to war with Sudan c. reduce irrigation water waste d. import grain e. make water sharing agreements

3. 3. lack of sufficient water to meet people’s needs 3. lack of sufficient water to meet people’s needs 4. 71% 4. 71% 5. lack of clean drinking water is the world’s largest cause of illness 5. lack of clean drinking water is the world’s largest cause of illness 6..024% 6..024% 7. Movement of water between seas, air, and on land- ***driven by the sun and gravity 7. Movement of water between seas, air, and on land- ***driven by the sun and gravity

4. 8. groundwater- water that is in soil, gravel and rock 8. groundwater- water that is in soil, gravel and rock Zone of saturation- spaces below the surface that are completely filled with water Zone of saturation- spaces below the surface that are completely filled with water Water table- top of the groundwater zone Water table- top of the groundwater zone Aquifers- underground caverns and porous layers of sand, gravel or bedrock through which water flows Aquifers- underground caverns and porous layers of sand, gravel or bedrock through which water flows

5. 9. precipitation percolates down through rock and soil 9. precipitation percolates down through rock and soil 10. surface water- from precipitation and snow melt in rivers, streams, lakes and wetlands that flows into the ocean 10. surface water- from precipitation and snow melt in rivers, streams, lakes and wetlands that flows into the ocean Surface runoff- if surface water doesn’t evaporate or become groundwater Surface runoff- if surface water doesn’t evaporate or become groundwater Water shed- all the area drained by a river Water shed- all the area drained by a river

6. 11. amount of surface water runoff that we can count on as a source of freshwater from year to year 11. amount of surface water runoff that we can count on as a source of freshwater from year to year 12. 70% for irrigation, 20% industry, 10% cities and residences 12. 70% for irrigation, 20% industry, 10% cities and residences 13. 450,000L or 120,000 gallons 13. 450,000L or 120,000 gallons 14. prolonged period in which precipitation is 70% lower than normal 14. prolonged period in which precipitation is 70% lower than normal

7. 15. dry climate, drought, over use and waste 15. dry climate, drought, over use and waste 16. 2/3 16. 2/3 17. dries out soil, reduced stream flow, decrease tree growth and biomass, lowers NPP, reduced crop yields, shifts biomes, 17. dries out soil, reduced stream flow, decrease tree growth and biomass, lowers NPP, reduced crop yields, shifts biomes, ***3 billion people will lack access to drinking water by 2050 ***3 billion people will lack access to drinking water by 2050

8. 18. Governments 18. Governments 19. a. too important to be in private hands b. no incentive to sell less or conserve c. poor people continue to be left out 19. a. too important to be in private hands b. no incentive to sell less or conserve c. poor people continue to be left out 20. nearly half 20. nearly half 21. India, China, and U.S. 21. India, China, and U.S. 22. ½ billion 22. ½ billion

9. 23. Advantages Advantages Available year round Available year round No loss to evaporation No loss to evaporation Exists almost everywhere Exists almost everywhere cheaper cheaper Disadvantages Disadvantages Depleted by overpumping Depleted by overpumping Subsidence Subsidence Pollution for decades Pollution for decades Saltwater intrusion Saltwater intrusion

10. 24. four times faster 24. four times faster 25. supplies 1/3 of all groundwater in the U.S. world’s largest known aquifer 25. supplies 1/3 of all groundwater in the U.S. world’s largest known aquifer 26. 1. capture and store runoff and release as needed 2. flood control 3. generation of electricity, supply irrigation water 4. recreation 26. 1. capture and store runoff and release as needed 2. flood control 3. generation of electricity, supply irrigation water 4. recreation 27. displaces people(40-80million), flood land to make reserviors, destroy free flow of rivers, fill with sediment, mud silt 27. displaces people(40-80million), flood land to make reserviors, destroy free flow of rivers, fill with sediment, mud silt

11. 28. includes driest land in the U.S, only modest water flow, allocates more water for use than the river has, the amount of water flowing to the mouth of the river has decreased 28. includes driest land in the U.S, only modest water flow, allocates more water for use than the river has, the amount of water flowing to the mouth of the river has decreased 29. world’s largest dam and reservoir system 29. world’s largest dam and reservoir system 30. flooded cultural sites, release sediment, seismic fault, rotting plants give off methane, sewage 30. flooded cultural sites, release sediment, seismic fault, rotting plants give off methane, sewage

12. 31. caused by large scale water diversion projects, fell 22 meters, sand and salt blow at least 300km per day, altered local climates 31. caused by large scale water diversion projects, fell 22 meters, sand and salt blow at least 300km per day, altered local climates 32. remove salts from marine or brackish water for domestic use 32. remove salts from marine or brackish water for domestic use 33. distillation- heat water, capture steam leaving behind impurities 33. distillation- heat water, capture steam leaving behind impurities Osmosis- membrane filter with high pressure to remove salt Osmosis- membrane filter with high pressure to remove salt 34. high cost and energy use, kills marine organisms, produces briny waste water, reduces important ions, for plant growth 34. high cost and energy use, kills marine organisms, produces briny waste water, reduces important ions, for plant growth

13. 35. low cost(underpricing) 35. low cost(underpricing) 36. drip irrigation, microirrigation 36. drip irrigation, microirrigation 37. line canals, irrigate at night, irrigate with treated urban waste water, avoid growing water thirsty crops 37. line canals, irrigate at night, irrigate with treated urban waste water, avoid growing water thirsty crops 38. rainwater harvesting, polyculture farming, fog catcher nets, plant deep rooted perrenials 38. rainwater harvesting, polyculture farming, fog catcher nets, plant deep rooted perrenials 39. flushing toilets 39. flushing toilets 40. area adjacent to a river 40. area adjacent to a river 41. remove vegetation, draining wetland to build 41. remove vegetation, draining wetland to build

14. Ch 20 pg. 531 Ch 20 pg. 531 1. cyanobacteria (blue green algae), phosphorous 1. cyanobacteria (blue green algae), phosphorous 2. Divert sewage treatment effluent into Puget sound 2. Divert sewage treatment effluent into Puget sound 3. any chemical, biological or physical change in water quality that harms living organisms 3. any chemical, biological or physical change in water quality that harms living organisms 4. point source- from a specific location 4. point source- from a specific location nonpoint- broad, diffuse areas 5. point- examples-offshore oil wells, factories, mines

15. 6. agricultural activities 6. agricultural activities 7. 1.2 billion or 1 out of 6 7. 1.2 billion or 1 out of 6 8. 8. Type and effect Examples Major sources Infectious agents Bacteria, viruses, parasites Human and animal waste Oxygen demanding wastes Animal wastes Sewage, feedlots Plant nutrients NO3 and PO4 Sewage, animal waste, fertilizer Organic chemicals Oil, gas, plastics Industry, farms Inorganic chemicals Acids, bases, salts Industry, houses Sediments Soil, silt Land erosion Heavy metals Lead, mercury, arsenic Landfills, household chemicals, mining ThermalHeat Electric power and industry

16. 9. occurs when oxygen demanding wastes are added to water 9. occurs when oxygen demanding wastes are added to water 10. accidental deliberate release of toxic industrial chemicals, malfunctioning sewage plants, pesticides and plant nutrients from agriculture 10. accidental deliberate release of toxic industrial chemicals, malfunctioning sewage plants, pesticides and plant nutrients from agriculture 11. 80-90% 11. 80-90% 12. little vertical mixing, little or no flow 12. little vertical mixing, little or no flow 13. natural nutrient enrichment of a shallow lake, estuary or slow moving stream 13. natural nutrient enrichment of a shallow lake, estuary or slow moving stream 14. human activities accelerate nutrient runoff- fish die from a decrease of solar energy used in photosynthesis 14. human activities accelerate nutrient runoff- fish die from a decrease of solar energy used in photosynthesis

17. 15. advanced waste treatment, ban phosphate detergents, employ soil conservation and land use control, reduce runoff of fertilizer 15. advanced waste treatment, ban phosphate detergents, employ soil conservation and land use control, reduce runoff of fertilizer 16. remove excess weeds, herbicides, algaecides, pump oxygen through reserviors 16. remove excess weeds, herbicides, algaecides, pump oxygen through reserviors 17. 95% 17. 95% 18. 4 18. 4 19. native species at the base of the food chain continue to decline, native carnivorous 19. native species at the base of the food chain continue to decline, native carnivorous

18. 20. 50%, 95% 20. 50%, 95% 21. contaminants are not dispersed effectivley, cold temperatures slow down reactions, lower concentrations of dissolved oxygen, contaminants are not diluted easily 21. contaminants are not dispersed effectivley, cold temperatures slow down reactions, lower concentrations of dissolved oxygen, contaminants are not diluted easily 22. gasoline additive, suspected carcingogen, leaked into aquifers, being phased out of use 22. gasoline additive, suspected carcingogen, leaked into aquifers, being phased out of use

19. 23. Nitrates in tap water 23. Nitrates in tap water 24. nanofilters, carbon nanotubules, protecting watersheds, exposing bottled water to intense sunlight 24. nanofilters, carbon nanotubules, protecting watersheds, exposing bottled water to intense sunlight 25. 40% 25. 40% 26. 40% 26. 40% Urban and industrial runoff from land Urban and industrial runoff from land 28. exposure, loss of heat, loss of buoyancy and insulation 28. exposure, loss of heat, loss of buoyancy and insulation 29. Exxon 29. Exxon 30. keep cropland covered with vegetation, slow release fertilizer, no fertilizer on steep slopes, plant buffer zones between crops 30. keep cropland covered with vegetation, slow release fertilizer, no fertilizer on steep slopes, plant buffer zones between crops

20. 31. allow citizens to bring law suits, more funding and authority for integrated watershed/airshed management, increased monitoring for compliance, prevent and control toxic water pollutants 31. allow citizens to bring law suits, more funding and authority for integrated watershed/airshed management, increased monitoring for compliance, prevent and control toxic water pollutants 32. wastewater is pumped into a settling tank, grease and oil rise, solids are treated by bacteria, treated waste is dischaged to an absorption field 32. wastewater is pumped into a settling tank, grease and oil rise, solids are treated by bacteria, treated waste is dischaged to an absorption field 33. cheaper to install and maintain, saves water, converts fecal material to fertilizer, decreases amount of energy used to pump and purify water 33. cheaper to install and maintain, saves water, converts fecal material to fertilizer, decreases amount of energy used to pump and purify water