1. WATER “All is born of water; all is sustained with water.”

2. WATER Facts  The human body is about 2/3 water.  80% of the Earth’s surface is water  97% of all the Earth’s water is in the form of oceans or seas.  2% of the Earth’s water is frozen in icebergs.  1% of the world’s water is suitable for drinking.  Can only survive a few days without water  The human body is about 2/3 water.  80% of the Earth’s surface is water  97% of all the Earth’s water is in the form of oceans or seas.  2% of the Earth’s water is frozen in icebergs.  1% of the world’s water is suitable for drinking.  Can only survive a few days without water

3. WATER FACTS Average American uses 90 gallons of water a day Average European uses 53 gallons of water a day Average sub-Saharan uses 3-5 gallons of water a day Average person in the Middle Ages used 5 gallons of water a day Water is the 2 drink listed as the favorite of US beverages 2-7 gallons used to flush a toilet 2 gallons used to brush your teeth 9-12 gallons needed to run a load in the average automatic dishwasher

4. Minnesota Waters Land of 11,842 lakes that are 10 acres or larger Lakes and rivers provide more miles of shoreline than do the coasts of California Florida and Hawaii combined Most common name for a lake in Minnesota is “Mud Lake”. (200 named) 2nd most popular is “Long” (118), followed by Rice (83), Bass (68), Mississippi River was carved out of glacial Lake Minnesota and the glacial River Warren

5. In your journal Imagine yourself a water droplet, falling from the sky onto the head of a squirrel gathering nuts in a park in a suburb of Minneapolis. You trickle down its forehead, onto its nose, then drip off the tip onto the grass at its feet. Then what? Using pictures or words, describe where you go next? And after that? And then? Finish the story of the raindrop…..

6. the WATER cycle Process of water movement from the ground to the sky and then back to the ground Evaporation (liquid to gas) Condensation (gas to solid or liquid) Precipitation (condensed water in clouds returns to earth) Transpiration (living plants release water vapor)

8. Surface Water Freshwater that is aboveground –Lakes, ponds, rivers and streams Cities thrive where surface water is abundant –Why?

9. Ground water Water below the water table where saturated conditions exist –Water table: upper surface Recharge zones: locations where surface waters infiltrate the groundwater system Discharge zones: places where groundwater flows or seeps out at the surface (ex: spring)

11. Aquifers Underground zone or body of earth material (gravel, sand and open space) from which groundwater can be obtained at a useful rate. Usually moves slowly at rates of centimeters per day. When water is pumped from one, water table is depressed, forming a cone of depression

12. Ogallala Aquifer AKA: High Plains Aquifer One of the world’s largest aquifers 27% of the irrigated land in the US overlies this aquifer system Yields about 30% of the nation’s ground water used for irrigation Provides drinking water to 82% of the people who live within the boundary Water is being withdrawn 10 to 40 times faster than it is being replenished Some estimate it will dry up within 25 years

13. Watersheds Region where all of the water flows down hill to a particular body of water –Lake, river or wetland Watersheds are all connected MN-all water flows out of the state in 3 directions (because it has 3 continental divides) –North to Hudson Bay –East to Atlantic –South to Gulf of Mexico

14. Watersheds cont. Belong to the Twin Cities Watershed Minor watershed of the school??? –Examples

15. POLLUTION Introduction of harmful substances into the environment Toxins, nutrients, solids and bacteria Two underlying causes: industrialization and the human population explosion –Produce waste faster than we can dispose of it Point and Nonpoint source pollution

16. Point Source Pollution Addition of a pollutant directly into a lake, river or body of water. Usually traced to a pipe Examples: –wastewater treatment facilities –industrial waste discharge –septic pipe that dumps straight into water –(most of these are regulated by law now)

17. Nonpoint Source Pollution Pollution that can’t be directly pinpointed “polluted runoff” Takes place on land and with rain, moves into water Hard to control Leading cause of pollution Examples –Lawn fertilizer –storm water runoff –Road salt –soil erosion –Pop cans –things flushed

18. Kinds of Pollutants 1. PATHOGENS –Disease-causing organisms (bacteria) –Cholera, hepatitis, typhoid, E.coli –human sewage is untreated or enters through storm sewers –Animal feces wash off into water 2. ORGANIC MATTER –Biodegradable remains of animals and plants, (nonpoint sources) 3. ORGANIC CHEMICALS –Pesticides, fertilizers, plastics, detergents, gasoline and oil (nonpoint sources)

19. Kinds of Pollutants 4. INORGANIC CHEMICALS –Acids, salts, toxic metals (point and nonpoint) 5. TOXIC CHEMICALS –Lead, mercury, household chemicals, etc 6. PHYSICAL AGENTS –Heat and suspended solids (soil) –Thermal pollution 7. RADIOACTIVE WASTE –From power or nuclear plants

20. How it affects the Ecosystem Biological magnification –Increase in concentration from one level to the next

21. Eutrophication –Process that increases the amounts of nutrients (esp nitrogen and phosphorus) –Human accelerated process –Inorganic plant nutrients get into the water from sewage and fertilizer runoff

22. Thermal Pollution –Occurs when industries along water use the water in their cooling system –Cool water is taken in, warm water is returned –Can cause massive fish kills –Warm water cannot hold as much oxygen as cool water