1. VostokVostok José M. Carcione (OGS, Italy)

2. Location in Antarctica

3. Model

4. Seismic-reflection data

5. Temperature profile Ts : - 55 C, at the surface  Earth’s geothermal heat flux C: Thermal conductivity of ice h: Thickness of the ice sheet k: Thermal diffusivity of ice B: Mean annual accumulation of ice (2 cm/yr)

6. Medium properties

8. Reflection-transmission coefficients PP PS PP (T) Ice/water interface Water/sediment interface PP PS (T) PP (T)

9. Snapshot

10. Seismogram

11. Ray tracing

12. Plane-wave decomposition

13. VSP

14. AVA

15. CROP (DEEP CRUST) José M. Carcione (OGS, Italy)

16. Location of CROP-03

17. CROP-03 - Onshore

18. Wave equation Variable density Slowness surface Anisotropy index

19. Exploding-reflector equation Impedance Reflection coefficient Source at each point of the interfaces

20. Title random numbers von-Karman correlation function velocity field convolution

21. Time integration

22. CROP-03

23. CROP-03 - Onshore

24. Line drawing

25. CROP 15 - Offshore

26. Line drawing

27. Ray tracing

28. Interpretation

29. Model for exploding-reflector experiments

30. Title

31. An exploding-reflector experiment

32. Time section re-interpreted

33. Final geological model

34. Velocity variations

35. Common-shot gather

36. Near-offset seismogram

37. Far-offset seismogram

38. Stacked seismogram

39. Migrated seismogram

40. The offshore line

42. Methodology 1.Line drawing to identify the interfaces. 2.Zero-offset ray tracing to generate a first version of the model in terms of seismic velocities. 3.Exploding reflectors to generate a geological model in terms of velocities and densities. Use relative amplitudes. 4.Interpreter refines the model including a-priori information, faults, etc. 5.Final check. Compute shot gathers, process and migrate.

43. CO2 - rock physics José M. Carcione (OGS, Italy)

44. CO2 and CH4 velocity and impedance

45. Brine and oil velocity and impedance

46. Brine-CO2 velocity and impedance

48. Patchy saturation

49. CO2-brine. Patchy saturation

50. CO2-oil. Patchy saturation

51. North-Sea model

52. Utsira sandstone

53. North-Sea model

54. 4D-time lapse simulation