1. Evolution of Eukaryotic Cells
Starting from Prokaryotic Cells!

2. Three Prokaryotic Cells
nucleoid
70S ribosomes
80S ribosomes
Krebs Cycle
Calvin Cycle
Glycolysis + Fermentation
ETS + Ox Phos
Light Reactions + Photo Phos
Endomembrane System
Cell Membrane
Murein Wall
None (Contractile Vacuole)

3. Three Prokaryotic Cells
Typical Bacterial Cell
Murein Wall
Naked Circular DNA genome
70S Ribosomes
Carries out Aerobic Respiration
Enzymatic Glycolysis and Krebs Cycle in Cytosol
Electronic ETS and Ox Phos in/across Mesosomes
Highly efficient ATP production from simple fuel molecules
36 ATP per glucose
nucleoid
70S ribosomes
Krebs Cycle
ETS + Ox Phos
Cell Membrane
Murein Wall

4. Light Reactions + Photo Phos
Three Prokaryotic Cells
Typical Cyanobacterial Cell
Murein Wall
Naked Circular DNA genome
70S Ribosomes
Carries out Photosynthesis
Enzymatic Calvin Cycle and Condensation Reactions in Cytosol
Electronic Light Reactions and Photo Phos in/across Thylakoid Membranes
Highly efficient ATP production
Highly efficient synthesis of a wide range of organic molecules from CO2
nucleoid
70S ribosomes
Calvin Cycle
Light Reactions + Photo Phos
Cell Membrane
Murein Wall

5. Three Prokaryotic Cells
Archaeon Cell
No Wall (Contractile Vacuole avoids burst)
Multiple protein-bound DNA molecules in genome
70S becoming 80S Ribosomes
Metabolism by Fermentation Only
Enzymatic Glycolysis and Fermentation Reactions in Cytosol
Comparatively inefficient ATP production
2 ATP per glucose
Must consume huge amounts of fuel
Highly evolved endocytosis (phagocytosis)--leading to endosymbiosis
Large cytoplasm requires highly developed endomembrane system from mesosomes
Formation of nuclear envelope to avoid digesting its own DNA
Transposon system for acquiring/incorporating more DNA into genome
nucleoid
80S ribosomes
Glycolysis + Fermentation
Endomembrane System
Cell Membrane
None (Contractile Vacuole)

6. Binary Fission of Organelle
Three Prokaryotic Cells
Wall Loss
Critical Gene Movement
Endocytosis
Binary Fission of Organelle
Many critical genes moved into the host nucleoid/nucleus
The endosymbiont has become an organelle
...no longer capable of independent respiration
The mitochondrion has two bounding membranes
The host vesicle membrane
The endosymbiont cell membrane

7. Binary Fission of Organelle
Three Prokaryotic Cells
Wall Loss
Critical Gene Movement
Endocytosis
Binary Fission of Organelle
A critical gene moved into the host nucleoid/nucleus is the rubisco small subunit
The endosymbiont has become an organelle
...no longer capable of independent photosynthesis
The chloroplast has two bounding membranes
host vesicle membrane and endosymbiont cell membrane

8. Three Prokaryotic Cells
The fermentation-only archaeon has taken in a bacterial cell and a cyanobacterial cell as endosymbionts
By not digesting them completely, but removing the cell wall, the archaeon has gained two gigantic biochemical pathways: respiration and photosynthesis
By moving critical genes from each endosymbiont, using its transposon feature, the archaeon has trapped both endosymbionts as permanent organelles
This is almost a eukaryotic plant cell!

9. Three Prokaryotic Cells
The archaeon still needs to convert its endomembrane system into endoplasmic reticulum
And consolidate the encircling membranes into a nuclear envelope
And make its circular chromosomes linear with telomeres
And finish the evolution of the 80S ribosomes
It also needs to entrap some spirochetes for a cytoskeleton and for a eukaryotic flagellum
The sequence of these steps relative to the endosymbiont capture is still being resolved!