1. Chapter 3 p. 52 - 68 Mapping the Earth

2. Chapter 3 p. 52 - 68 Why Study Maps? Why do we need maps? Why do we need maps? What types of maps are there? What types of maps are there? How have maps changed? How have maps changed?

3. Chapter 3 p. 52 - 68 Cartography The art of map making. The art of map making. Maps contain symbols, descriptions, legends or keys, scales, and compass direction. Maps contain symbols, descriptions, legends or keys, scales, and compass direction. North always points to the top of the map. North always points to the top of the map.

4. Chapter 3 p. 52 - 68 Scales A scale indicates the relationship between the distance on the map to the actual distance. A scale indicates the relationship between the distance on the map to the actual distance. A scale can be represented as graphical, fractional, or verbal. A scale can be represented as graphical, fractional, or verbal.

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6. Lines of Latitude Lines of latitude describe positions north or south of the equator. Lines of latitude describe positions north or south of the equator. Lines of latitude are also sometimes called parallels because they never intersect with each other. Lines of latitude are also sometimes called parallels because they never intersect with each other.

7. Chapter 3 p. 52 - 68 Latitude Equator 0° latitude Equator 0° latitude Latitudes north of the equator are labeled °N Latitudes north of the equator are labeled °N Latitudes south of the equator are labeled °S Latitudes south of the equator are labeled °S Poles are 90°N or S, which is the highest possible latitude line. Poles are 90°N or S, which is the highest possible latitude line.

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9. Lines of Longitude Lines of longitude describe positions east or west of the prime meridian. Lines of longitude describe positions east or west of the prime meridian. Lines of longitude are sometimes called meridians. Lines of longitude are sometimes called meridians. Longitude or Meridians are semicircles that run from the north pole to south pole. Longitude or Meridians are semicircles that run from the north pole to south pole.

10. Chapter 3 p. 52 - 68 Longitude Prime meridian 0° longitude Prime meridian 0° longitude Degrees longitude always begin from the prime meridian. Degrees longitude always begin from the prime meridian. Longitudes east of the prime meridian are labeled °E. Longitudes east of the prime meridian are labeled °E. Longitudes west of the prime meridian are labeled °W. Longitudes west of the prime meridian are labeled °W. Longitude lines run east and west until they reach 180° known as the International Date Line. Longitude lines run east and west until they reach 180° known as the International Date Line.

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12. Finding Direction Using latitude and longitude lines we can determine locations. Using latitude and longitude lines we can determine locations. Similar to plotting points on a graph. Similar to plotting points on a graph. Use units in degrees, minutes, and seconds. Use units in degrees, minutes, and seconds. Use compass directions north, south, east, and west. Use compass directions north, south, east, and west.

13. Chapter 3 p. 52 - 68 Using Units The smaller the unit the more specific the location becomes, similar to telling time on a clock. The smaller the unit the more specific the location becomes, similar to telling time on a clock. Degrees, minutes, seconds (like Hours, minutes, seconds) Degrees, minutes, seconds (like Hours, minutes, seconds)

14. Chapter 3 p. 52 - 68 Units 60 min. in 1 deg. (like 60 min. in 1 hr.) 60 min. in 1 deg. (like 60 min. in 1 hr.) 60 sec. in 1 min. 60 sec. in 1 min.

15. Chapter 3 p. 52 - 68 Map Projections Flat representation of the Earth’s curved surface. Flat representation of the Earth’s curved surface. Because the Earth is curved all maps result in distortion in some manner size, shape, or direction. Because the Earth is curved all maps result in distortion in some manner size, shape, or direction.

16. Chapter 3 p. 52 - 68 Map Projections Larger the area being shown the greater the distortion. Larger the area being shown the greater the distortion. Most accurate part of the map=where the paper meets the globe. Most accurate part of the map=where the paper meets the globe. Farther the paper is from the globe=more distortion Farther the paper is from the globe=more distortion

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18. Type of Map Projections Cylindrical Cylindrical Wrap a cylinder of paper around a globe. Wrap a cylinder of paper around a globe. Meridians appear as straight lines and have equal space between them. Meridians appear as straight lines and have equal space between them. Like a perfect grid pattern. Like a perfect grid pattern. Accurate near the equator and distorted at the edges. Accurate near the equator and distorted at the edges. Advantages: Locate positions easier and shapes of small areas are well preserved. Advantages: Locate positions easier and shapes of small areas are well preserved.

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21. Types of Map Projections Conic Conic Form a cone with a piece of paper and place it on a globe. Form a cone with a piece of paper and place it on a globe. Cone touches one parallel. Cone touches one parallel. Polyconic Polyconic Many conic maps used to increase accuracy with each cone touching a different latitude. Many conic maps used to increase accuracy with each cone touching a different latitude. Advantage: Relative size and shape of small areas on the map are nearly the same as those on the globe. Advantage: Relative size and shape of small areas on the map are nearly the same as those on the globe.

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23. Types of Map Projections Azimuthal Azimuthal Place a flat sheet of paper on a globe. Place a flat sheet of paper on a globe. The paper only touches one point on the globe. The paper only touches one point on the globe. Advantages: navigate air travel Advantages: navigate air travel Great circles appear as straight lines, therefore, by drawing a straight line between two points navigators can find a great circle route shortening the distance. Great circles appear as straight lines, therefore, by drawing a straight line between two points navigators can find a great circle route shortening the distance.

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26. Think Pair Share 1. Questions that have been raised in my mind are... 2. A new understanding I have is… 3. How do we create map projections? 4. What do you find difficult about map projections?

27. Chapter 3 p. 52 - 68 Topographic Maps Topo maps show the surface features of the earth, both natural and constructed features. Topo maps show the surface features of the earth, both natural and constructed features. Topo maps also show elevations Topo maps also show elevations Sea Level = 0 ft.Sea Level = 0 ft. The elevation is depicted by contour lines. The elevation is depicted by contour lines. Contour lines never intersect and always close on themselves.Contour lines never intersect and always close on themselves.

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29. Topographic Maps The contour line interval is the distance from one contour to another. The interval is provided in the maps legend. The contour line interval is the distance from one contour to another. The interval is provided in the maps legend. Relief is the difference in elevation between the highest and lowest point. Relief is the difference in elevation between the highest and lowest point. Bench marks can often times help in determining specific points on the map.Bench marks can often times help in determining specific points on the map.

30. Chapter 3 p. 52 - 68 Landforms Contour lines that form a V indicates a valley, the V points upstream. Contour lines that form a V indicates a valley, the V points upstream. The closer the contour lines are to each other the steeper the landform will be. The closer the contour lines are to each other the steeper the landform will be. Depression contours are closed loop contours that have short perpendicular lines inside the loop that point toward the depression. Depression contours are closed loop contours that have short perpendicular lines inside the loop that point toward the depression.

31. Chapter 3 p. 52 - 68 Geologic and Soil Maps Geologic maps indicate the rock type, age, folds, and faults. Geologic maps indicate the rock type, age, folds, and faults. Soil maps classify and describe soils located in a given area. Soil maps classify and describe soils located in a given area.

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