1. An Introduction to Exercise and Sport Physiology

2. introduction Overview
Focus of exercise and sport physiology
Acute and chronic responses to exercise
The evolution of exercise physiology
Research: the foundation for understanding

3. Focus of Exercise and Sport Physiology
Physiology is the study of the function of organisms.
Homeostasis is the maintenance of a constant internal environment.

4. Focus of Exercise and Sport Physiology
Exercise physiology is the study of how body structure and function are altered by exposure to acute and chronic exercise.
Environmental physiology is the study of the effects of the environment on the function of the body.
Sport physiology is the application of the concepts of exercise physiology to training athletes and enhancing sport performance.

5. Acute and Chronic Responses to Exercise
Acute exercise is a single bout of exercise.
Chronic adaptation is a physiological change that occurs when the body is exposed to repeated exercise bouts over a period of weeks or months. These changes generally improve the body’s efficiency at rest and during exercise.

6. Early Exercise Physiologists
Archibald V. Hill
Nobel Prize winner (1921)
Studied energy metabolism in isolated frog muscle
Conducted first physiological studies on runners
Photo courtesy of American College of Sports Medicine Archives.

7. Early Exercise Physiologists
John S. Haldane
Developed methods of measuring oxygen use during exercise
Known for his work in human physiology and respiration

8. The Harvard Fatigue Laboratory
Founded by biochemist Lawrence J. Henderson
Directed by David Bruce Dill (D.B. Dill)
Focused on the physiology of human movement and the effects of environmental stress on exercise
Most contemporary exercise physiologists can trace their roots back to the Harvard Fatigue Laboratory.

9. The Harvard Fatigue Laboratory: Early Measurements
Collected expired air in a sealed bag known as a Douglas bag
A sample of the gas from the Douglas bag was then measured for oxygen and carbon dioxide using a chemical gas analyzer.

10. The Harvard Fatigue Laboratory: Early Measurements

11. Scandinavian Influence
Eric Hohwü-Christensen
In the late 1930s, published an important series of five research studies on carbohydrate and fat metabolism
Per-Olof Åstrand
During the 1950s and 1960s, conducted studies on physical fitness and endurance capacity
Jonas Bergstrom
Reintroduced the biopsy needle in 1966 to study human muscle biochemistry

12. Scandinavian Exercise Physiologists
Eric Hohwü-Christensen
Bengt Saltin
Jonas Bergstrom (left) and Eric Hultman (right)
Photos courtesy of the authors.

13. Contemporary Exercise Physiologists
John Holloszy and Charles Tipton
Introduced biochemical approach to exercise physiology research
First to use rats and mice to study muscle metabolism and fatigue
Reggie Edgerton, Phil Gollnick, and Bengt Saltin
Studied individual muscle fiber characteristics and their responses to training in rats and humans

14. Contemporary Exercise Physiologists
John Holloszy
Charles Tipton
Phil Gollnick
Photo of John Holloszy courtesy of American College of Sports Medicine Archives. All rights reserved. Other photos courtesy of the authors.

15. Exercise Physiology Milestones
Peter Karpovich, Springfield College
Helped introduce physiology to physical education
Thomas K. Cureton, University of Illinois
Helped support a rationale for using exercise to promote a healthy lifestyle
Elsworth Buskirk, Penn State University
Established The Laboratory for Human Performance Research in 1974

16. Women in Exercise Physiology
Birgitta Essen
Collaborated with Bengt Saltin and Phil Gollnick in publishing the earliest studies on human muscle fiber types
Karen Piehl
Among the first to demonstrate that the nervous system selectively recruits type I and type II fibers
Barbara Drinkwater
Among the first to address issues specifically related to the female athlete

17. Research: Ergometers
Ergometers are used to measure physical work under standardized conditions.
Treadmills and cycle ergometers are the most commonly used types.

18. Research: Ergometers

19. Research Designs
Longitudinal research tests the same subjects and compares results over time.
Cross-sectional research collects data from a diverse population and compares groups in that population.
Longitudinal studies are often more accurate than cross-sectional studies, but are time-consuming and expensive.

20. Dose-Response Relationships: Cross-Sectional Study

21. Dose-Response Relationships: Longitudinal Study

22. Research: Confounding Factors
Many factors can alter the body’s response to exercise.
Examples: environmental conditions, time of day (diurnal variation)

23. Table 0.1

24. Table 0.2

25. Research: Tables and Graphs
The title will identify what information is being presented.
Units for each variable should be clearly presented.
Graphs better illustrate
Trends in data
Response patterns
Comparisons of data between subject groups

26. Research: Interpreting Graphs
The x-axis is the independent variable or factor that is controlled by the study design.
The y-axis is the dependent variable that will change depending on how the independent variable is manipulated.

27. Figure 0.9

28. Figure 0.10