2. We have to take a look back at the other crucial documents that impacted out country. We have to take a look back at the other crucial documents that impacted out country. The first is the Declaration of Independence The first is the Declaration of Independence Written primarily by Thomas Jefferson and other committee leaders of the Continental Congress in 1776 Written primarily by Thomas Jefferson and other committee leaders of the Continental Congress in 1776

4. 1781- A plan for rule had already been debated and accepted 1781- A plan for rule had already been debated and accepted Our plan: The Articles of Confederation Our plan: The Articles of Confederation Included many features aimed at allowing the goals of the Declaration to be put in place Included many features aimed at allowing the goals of the Declaration to be put in place

6. They could not effectively deal with threats from: They could not effectively deal with threats from: Foreign Nations Foreign Nations Feuding States Feuding States Or the massive financial crisis Or the massive financial crisis

7. No separate executive branch was established No separate executive branch was established No methods for the central government to collect taxes were present No methods for the central government to collect taxes were present No federal judiciary was created to settle interstate disputes No federal judiciary was created to settle interstate disputes No amendments could be added without unanimous state approval. (None ever were) No amendments could be added without unanimous state approval. (None ever were)

8. Only two pieces of legislation were passed Only two pieces of legislation were passed Disputes between states raged over taxes and trade and no central authority could settle the problems Disputes between states raged over taxes and trade and no central authority could settle the problems Veterans of the Revolutionary War were not paid Veterans of the Revolutionary War were not paid

9. The central government had no funds The central government had no funds State governments were broke and had no place to turn State governments were broke and had no place to turn National credit in key European banks collapsed National credit in key European banks collapsed

10. No agreements on tariff attempts, trade negotiations, or key issues such as support from France, or Great Britain No agreements on tariff attempts, trade negotiations, or key issues such as support from France, or Great Britain Growing disputes between Northern and Southern States Growing disputes between Northern and Southern States Shay’s Rebellion Shay’s Rebellion

11. Predicted that the Articles would fail and called for their removal almost every year of their existence. Predicted that the Articles would fail and called for their removal almost every year of their existence.

12. Alexander Hamilton recommended to meet in Philadelphia in the spring of 1787, this request was forwarded to the Continental Congress. Alexander Hamilton recommended to meet in Philadelphia in the spring of 1787, this request was forwarded to the Continental Congress. Alexander Hamilton PhiladelphiaContinental Congress Alexander Hamilton PhiladelphiaContinental Congress Two ground rules would govern the convention proceedings. Two ground rules would govern the convention proceedings. First, all deliberations were to be kept secret. (Detailed word about the debates remained guarded until the publication of Madison’s notes in 1840.) First, all deliberations were to be kept secret. (Detailed word about the debates remained guarded until the publication of Madison’s notes in 1840.) Second, no issue was to be regarded as closed and could be revisited for debate at any time. Second, no issue was to be regarded as closed and could be revisited for debate at any time.

13. The Convention convened on May 25, 1787, at the State House (now Independence Hall) in Philadelphia. The Convention convened on May 25, 1787, at the State House (now Independence Hall) in Philadelphia. It opened several days later than planned because of the slow arrival of some delegates. All of the states were represented except for Rhode Island, which declined to attend. It opened several days later than planned because of the slow arrival of some delegates. All of the states were represented except for Rhode Island, which declined to attend.Rhode IslandRhode Island

14. -55 delegates (none from RI) -33 Lawyers -half were college graduates -7 former governors -7 plantation owners -8 business leaders -age 26-81 (avg. age 42) -all male, all white

15. Washington, noted for his patience and fairness, was selected as the presiding officer. Washington, noted for his patience and fairness, was selected as the presiding officer. Interestingly, a number of prominent figures of the day did not attend, including Richard Henry Lee, Patrick Henry, Thomas Jefferson, John Adams*, Samuel Adams, and John Hancock. Interestingly, a number of prominent figures of the day did not attend, including Richard Henry Lee, Patrick Henry, Thomas Jefferson, John Adams*, Samuel Adams, and John Hancock.Richard Henry LeePatrick HenryThomas Jefferson John AdamsSamuel AdamsJohn HancockRichard Henry LeePatrick HenryThomas Jefferson John AdamsSamuel AdamsJohn Hancock

16. The stated goal of the Convention — the revision of the Articles of Confederation — was quickly discarded, and attention given to more sweeping changes. The stated goal of the Convention — the revision of the Articles of Confederation — was quickly discarded, and attention given to more sweeping changes. Discussion turned instead to two competing concepts of how a new government should be formed, the Virginia Plan and the New Jersey Plan. Discussion turned instead to two competing concepts of how a new government should be formed, the Virginia Plan and the New Jersey Plan.Virginia PlanNew Jersey PlanVirginia PlanNew Jersey Plan

17. Virginia Plan Virginia Plan Favored large states Favored large states Strong central government Strong central government Bicameral (two house) legislature – larger house elected by the people (House of Representatives, and a smaller house that was selected by larger house (Senate) Bicameral (two house) legislature – larger house elected by the people (House of Representatives, and a smaller house that was selected by larger house (Senate) (This would change in the 17 th Amendment) (This would change in the 17 th Amendment)

18. New Jersey Plan New Jersey Plan Agreed with strong central government…BUT Agreed with strong central government…BUT Congress would be unicameral (one house) with states having equal votes Congress would be unicameral (one house) with states having equal votes Did not want large population states to dominate the legislature Did not want large population states to dominate the legislature

19. Connecticut Compromise Connecticut Compromise A bicameral legislature in which the House of Representatives membership apportioned according to the state populations A bicameral legislature in which the House of Representatives membership apportioned according to the state populations An upper house, the Senate, which would have two members from each state, elected by the state legislature (popularly elected today) An upper house, the Senate, which would have two members from each state, elected by the state legislature (popularly elected today)

20. 3/5’s Compromise 3/5’s Compromise Agree to allow the South to count 3/5 the population in each state to balance the power of North and South Agree to allow the South to count 3/5 the population in each state to balance the power of North and South 1808 Slave Trade 1808 Slave Trade

21. Popular Sovereignty – power to govern belongs to the people, gov’t based on the consent of governed Popular Sovereignty – power to govern belongs to the people, gov’t based on the consent of governed Separation of Powers – division of gov’t between branches: executive, legislative and judicial Separation of Powers – division of gov’t between branches: executive, legislative and judicial Checks and Balances – a system where branches have some authority over others Checks and Balances – a system where branches have some authority over others Limited Government – gov’t is not all-powerful, and it does only what citizens allow Limited Government – gov’t is not all-powerful, and it does only what citizens allow Federalism – division of power between central government and individual states Federalism – division of power between central government and individual states

22. Prevents an all-powerful ruling body Prevents an all-powerful ruling body 1.Legislature – passes law (Congress) 2.Executive – enforces law (President) 3.Judiciary – interprets law (Supreme Court)

23. Meant to be difficult Meant to be difficult Require action from national and state gov Require action from national and state gov Amendment proposed by 2/3 vote in each house of Congress and ratified (accepted) in at least ¾ of state legislatures Amendment proposed by 2/3 vote in each house of Congress and ratified (accepted) in at least ¾ of state legislatures

24. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bVD0bZ5 H4MY&feature=youtu.be http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bVD0bZ5 H4MY&feature=youtu.be http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bVD0bZ5 H4MY&feature=youtu.be http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bVD0bZ5 H4MY&feature=youtu.be

25. The most difficult task began The most difficult task began That was to get approval from the states. That was to get approval from the states. They had to get nine of the 13 states to approve the Constitution before it would officially become law They had to get nine of the 13 states to approve the Constitution before it would officially become law

26. Citizens of the States did not get to vote on whether or not they wanted the Constitution Citizens of the States did not get to vote on whether or not they wanted the Constitution Instead they used special state conventions to try and ratify the Constitution Instead they used special state conventions to try and ratify the Constitution And the states put up a fight, Why? And the states put up a fight, Why?

27. They used they anonymous newspaper articles published in Newspapers around the nation, the goal of these articles: Convince the public that this Constitution was the best chance for our nation to succeed. They used they anonymous newspaper articles published in Newspapers around the nation, the goal of these articles: Convince the public that this Constitution was the best chance for our nation to succeed. These were called “The Federalist Papers” These were called “The Federalist Papers” – in favor of adoption of US Constitution creating a federal union and strong central government – in favor of adoption of US Constitution creating a federal union and strong central government

28. Alexander Hamilton 51 articles: nos. 1, 6–9, 11–13, 15–17, 21–36, 59–61, and 65–85 Alexander Hamilton 51 articles: nos. 1, 6–9, 11–13, 15–17, 21–36, 59–61, and 65–85 Alexander Hamilton Alexander Hamilton James Madison 29 articles: nos. 10, 14, 37– 58 and 62–63 James Madison 29 articles: nos. 10, 14, 37– 58 and 62–63 James Madison James Madison John Jay 5 articles: 2–5 and 64 John Jay 5 articles: 2–5 and 64 John Jay John Jay Nos. 18–20 were the result of a collaboration between Madison and Hamilton. Nos. 18–20 were the result of a collaboration between Madison and Hamilton.

30. Madison addresses biggest fear of gov’t Madison addresses biggest fear of gov’t Faction – a group in a legislature or political party acting together in pursuit of some special interest (think fraction – ½, 1/3, etc) Faction – a group in a legislature or political party acting together in pursuit of some special interest (think fraction – ½, 1/3, etc) Founding fathers were concerned that our government would be ripped apart Founding fathers were concerned that our government would be ripped apart Madison defends our national Constitution Madison defends our national Constitution

31. Separation of Powers check the growth of tyranny Separation of Powers check the growth of tyranny Each branch of government keeps the other two from gaining too much power Each branch of government keeps the other two from gaining too much power A republic guards against irresponsible direct democracy or “common passions” A republic guards against irresponsible direct democracy or “common passions” Factions will always exist, but must be managed to not severe from the system. Factions will always exist, but must be managed to not severe from the system.

34. Patrick Henry: Was their main voice Patrick Henry: Was their main voice Why did they oppose the Constitution? Why did they oppose the Constitution?

36. Central gov’t would threaten liberty Central gov’t would threaten liberty Aristocratic tyranny could happen Aristocratic tyranny could happen Demanded a guarantee of individual rights and liberty Demanded a guarantee of individual rights and liberty States power was too limited States power was too limited

37. 10 amendments to the Constitution 10 amendments to the Constitution guaranteed individual freedoms and rights guaranteed individual freedoms and rights limited power of national government, guaranteed rights to states limited power of national government, guaranteed rights to states Ratified in 1789, Bill of Rights added 1791 Ratified in 1789, Bill of Rights added 1791