1. Data storage devices Unit objectives
Describe hard drives and file systems, and install IDE and SCSI hard drives
Describe optical data storage, install and use optical drives and discs
Install and use floppy drives and disks, and install, use, and safely remove USB flash drives
Maintain and troubleshoot your data storage devices

2. Topic A Topic A: Hard drives Topic B: Optical drives
Topic C: Removable storage devices
Topic D: Storage device troubleshooting

3. Hard drive components

4. Hard drive geometry

5. Head crash Heads contact surface during operation
Heads float ½ of a millionth of an inch above surface
Don’t drop or jolt your PC during operation
Heads parked at shutdown, damage still possible

6. File systems Logical organization scheme for files FAT and NTFS
Sector and cluster sizes
How file and folder names are tracked
How file and folder locations are tracked
How files and folders are stored within clusters
FAT and NTFS

7. FAT file system Developed for DOS
Supported through current Windows versions
16 and 32 bit versions
16-bit version featured restricted file names (8 characters, 3 letter extensions, no spaces)
Slow and limited compared to NTFS

8. NTFS file system Developed for Windows NT
Supported in Windows 2000 Professional and all Windows XP versions
32-bit file system
255-character names with spaces
Supports larger files, larger volumes, and is faster than FAT

9. FAT vs. NTFS Feature FAT16 FAT32 NTFS File name length 1-8 characters
File extensions
0-3 characters
0-255 characters*
Max. file size
2 GB
4 GB
Limited only by volume size
Max. volume size
32 GB
2 TB
Max. files per volume
Approx. 6,500
Unlimited
Most often used with
DOS, Windows 3.x and 95
Windows 9x, and Me
Windows NT, 2000, and XP
Supports file level security No
Yes
Supports file compression and encryption

10. Directory trees Root directory Directories contain file and folders
Directory = folder
FAT16 limited root directory to 512 entries

11. Root directory of C:

12. File organization problems
Best speed when file is contiguous
Files become fragmented (distributed across the disk)
Defragging relocates file parts to be contiguous
Cluster chain can be broken
By viruses or poorly written programs
Use chkdsk or other utility to check and fix file problems.

13. Activity A-1
Choosing a file system

14. Physical installation
Set drive identification jumpers or switches
Install the drive into the PC chassis
If SCSI and required, terminate drive
Connect data and control cables
Connect the power cable

15. ATA drive identification
Drive jumpers
Cable position

16. SCSI drive identification
Set jumpers switches

17. Chassis installation Use any available bay for hard drive
Also smaller specific hard drive bays
Install where data and power cables reach
Mount horizontally or vertically
Use ESD precautions

18. Data and power cable connections
Most cables are keyed
Older cable:
Wire 1 red stripe
Pin 1 labeled with number or triangle
Line up wire 1 with pin 1
Correct connector for master/slave
Terminate SCSI bus
IDE/SCSI
Large peripheral power connector with triangular corners
SATA
Specialized keyed power connector

19. Physically installing a hard drive
Activity A-2
Physically installing a hard drive

20. Hard drive preparation
Low-level format
Partition
High-level format

21. Low-level formatting Records tracks Divides tracks into sectors
Old drives required occasionally re-low-level formatting
New drives, done at the factory

22. Partitioning Divides disk into logical drives Logical drives = volumes
First sector on bootable volume is the Master Boot Record (MBR)

23. Unpartitioned disk in Windows

24. Partition types Master boot record (MBR) Primary and extended
Primary: directly accessed by OS
Extended: contain one or more logical drives that are accessed by the OS
Up to 4 primary and 1 extended per drive
Basic and Dynamic
Basic: standard type since DOS
Dynamic: new type with Windows 2000
Permits changes without restarting the operating system

25. Partitioning utilities
fdisk
fdisk /mbr (rewrites the MBR)
Windows Disk Manager
Third-party

26. Formatting Creates logical file storage structures Destructive process
File allocation table and so forth
Destructive process
Sometimes you can recover data
Use format command or Windows Disk Management

27. Partitioning and formatting
Activity A-3
Partitioning and formatting
a hard drive

28. Topic B Topic A: Hard drives Topic B: Optical drives
Topic C: Removable storage devices
Topic D: Storage device troubleshooting

29. Components of a CD

30. Recordable CDs Process is called “burning”
CD-R can be written once and read many times
CD-RW can be written multiple times

31. CD drive components
Laser
Spindle
Tray

32. CD drive components Control buttons Headphone jack Volume control dial
Manual eject hole

33. CD drive speeds Expressed as xX 1X spins 210 to 539 RPM
x = number of times faster the rate of CD spin
1X spins 210 to 539 RPM
2X twice as fast as 1X
xX accurate up to 12X

34. DVDs 12 cm diameter like CDs Thinner than CDs
Uses different encoding method CDs
Requires a narrower laser beam
DVD-R and DVD-RW
Internal or external
Internal: IDE, Serial ATA, SCSI
External: FireWire or USB 2.0
1X to 16X
Need an MPEG-2 decoder

35. DVD types
DVD-5
DVD-9
DVD-10
DVD-14
DVD-18

36. Optical drive installation
Need a horizontal 5.25” drive bay
Verify interface and power cables can reach the optical drive
Verify audio cable reaches the sound card
Set jumpers on IDE drive to Master, Slave, or Cable Select
On SCSI drive, set SCSI ID
Install drive in bay according to your case specification
Verify drive door opens freely
If necessary, install drivers

37. Optical drive connections

38. Installing an optical drive
Activity B-1
Installing an optical drive

39. “What do you want to do?” options

40. Using CD and DVD drives Read and write CDs using Windows Media player
Other CD read/write apps:
RealPlayer
Easy CD Creator
Sonic RecordNow!
Play DVDs using Windows Media Player
Must install DVD decoder
Download Windows XP Video Decoder Checkup utility from microsoft.com

41. Activity B-2
Using an optical drive

42. Topic C Topic A: Hard drives Topic B: Optical drives
Topic C: Removable storage devices
Topic D: Storage device troubleshooting

43. USB flash drives

44. Flash MP3 player

45. Installing a USB flash drive
Activity C-1
Installing a USB flash drive

46. Floppy disks

47. 5.25” floppy disk

48. 3.5” floppy disk

49. Capacities Size Tracks Sectors per track Density Capacity 5.25” 40 9
Double
360 KB 80 15
High
1.2 MB
3.5”
720 KB 18
1.44 MB 36
Extra-high
2.88 MB

50. Write protection

51. Examining floppy disks
Activity C-2
Examining floppy disks

52. Floppy controller resources
System resource
Typical value
IRQ 6
I/O address range
0x03F0-0x03F7
DMA channel 2

53. Floppy drive cable

54. Floppy controller connector

55. Installing a floppy drive
Activity C-3
Installing a floppy drive

56. Diskette preparation Format Purchase pre-formatted floppies
Records sector structure
Creates file allocation table
Destructive process
Purchase pre-formatted floppies
PC or Macintosh formats

57. Boot floppies Minimal operating system files Bootable boot sector
Files and structure vary by operating system
Windows 2000 Professional and Windows XP also require CD or hard drive during boot time

58. Formatting a floppy diskette
Activity C-4
Formatting a floppy diskette

59. Topic D Topic A: Hard drives Topic B: Optical drives
Topic C: Removable storage devices
Topic D: Storage device troubleshooting

60. Hard drive maintenance
Checking for disk errors
Freeing space
Defragging
Recovering deleted files
Diagnostic utilities

61. Optical disc and drive cleaning
Dirt and scratches cause problems
Wipe with soft-lint free cloth from center out
Can use water or gentle soap
Don’t use cleaners or abrasives
Don’t need to clean the laser lens unless highly dusty environment

62. Maintaining your hard drive
Activity D-1
Maintaining your hard drive

63. Troubleshooting hard disks
Cannot access drive at all
Cannot boot from the hard drive
Space on drive doesn’t match advertised space
Files becoming corrupted
System will boot from the hard drive when you do a warm restart, but not from a cold boot
Drive letter incorrect
Cannot use the full space of a very large drive
Drive not autodetected during the boot process

64. Troubleshooting CD drives
No audio plays from CD
CD drive not found
Disc can’t be read
Buffer underrun
Write process fails several minutes after starting
Zip files are corrupted when recorded on a SCSI CD-RW drive
Burned CD-RW disc can’t be read on another computer

65. Troubleshooting DVD drives
DVD can’t be played when two displays are being used
UDF formatted discs can’t be read
Cannot play DVD movie

66. Troubleshooting data storage devices
Activity D-2
Troubleshooting data storage devices

67. Unit summary
Described hard drives and file systems, and installed IDE and SCSI hard drives
Described optical data storage, installed and used optical drives and discs
Installed and used floppy drives and disks, and installed, used, and safely removed USB flash drives
Maintained and resolved problems with data storage devices