1. I. Nubia Geography developed along the Nile River south of Egypt
Nubia (“Land of the Bow”): name of region where the Kush and Meroë Kingdoms developed

2. often at war with Egypt (starting in Middle Kingdom)
Nubian Pyramids
often at war with Egypt (starting in Middle Kingdom)
shared many of the same cultural traits as Egypt (religion, architecture, art)

4. A frankincense tree. The resin was used to make good smelling incense.
B. Economics
Extensively trade in iron & gold
ivory, copper, incense, animals, & ebony
A frankincense tree. The resin was used to make good smelling incense.

5. C. Nubian Society & Politics
mimicked Egypt extensively (ie: Egyptian gods)
conquered Egypt until Assyrians invaded
3. matrilineal & women played important role in politics (Candace, title of a Queen of Nubia)
Cause of decline?
-overrun by nomadic camel traders?
-Roman control of Mediterranean?
-ENV collapse of iron mines?

7. II. Early Mesoamerica: The Olmec
Geography:
-hot and humid, with rivers, swamps, jungles; heavy rainfall

8. Mesoamerica: area between central Mexico & Honduras A
Mesoamerica: area between central Mexico & Honduras A. Olmec Society: -“mother culture” of Mesoamerica (1500 B.C.E.-200 C.E.) -ruled by wealthy families, instead of kings (theocracy) -cities site of religious ceremonies (bloodletting…) B. Olmec Politics: -called “Cult of the Jaguar” -city-led government -military used to protect trade -dirt & clay pyramids -colossal heads

11. C. Olmec Economy: -mostly corn, beans, & squash farmers
Highlands: obsidian, jade, cacao (drink for nobility)
Lowlands: sea food, turtle shells, shark teeth

12. III. Early South America: The Chavín
“Mother culture” in Peru (900 B.C.E. to 250 B.C.E.)
Andes mountains (10,000 ft.); capital Chavín de Huántar

13. A. Chavin Economy & Society:
farming: maize, potatoes, llamas, coca leaves
roads, bridges, irrigation/drainage

14. B. Chavin Society:
Chavin de Huantar: religious center w/ pyramids, plazas, & massive mounds
Chavín culture spread over coastal Peru