1. 理论语言学研究 苏晓军

2. 挖井

3. 认知语言学：研究什么？

4. The Oxford Handbook of Cognitive Linguistics Edited by Dirk Geeraerts and Hubert Cuyckens Oxford University Press,1364 pages, Oct 2007 Edited by Dirk Geeraerts, Professor of Linguistics, University of Leuven, Belgium, and Hubert Cuyckens, Professor of Linguistics, University of Leuven, Belgium

5. The Future of Cognitive Linguistics (Handbook PP.15-17) 1 ）强调语言的社会方面（ social aspects of language ），研究社会认知和社会变异现象 （ social cognition and sociovariational phenomena ）； 2 ）强调实证研究方法（ empirical methods within Cognitive Linguistics ）：实验研究， 语料库研究； 3 ）追求认知语言学的理论统一性（ theoretical unification ），使认知语言学成为理论上统一 的知识体系。

6. Unique contribution as a Chinese – Going International 於宁 赵晓寰

7. Metaphor in Culture Metaphor in Culture: Universality and Variation Zoltán Kövecses Cambridge University Press 2005

8. To what extent and in what ways is metaphorical thought relevant to an understanding of culture and society? Can the cognitive linguistic view of metaphor simultaneously explain universality and diversity in metaphorical thought? Cognitive linguists have done important work on universal aspects of metaphor, but they have paid less attention to why metaphors vary both interculturally and intraculturally as extensively as they do. This book proposes a new theory of metaphor variation. Firstly, the major dimensions of metaphor variation are identified; that is, those social and cultural boundaries that signal discontinuities in human experience. Secondly, the book describes which components, or aspects, of conceptual metaphor are involved in metaphor variation, and how they are involved. Thirdly, it isolates the main causes of metaphor variation. Lastly, it deals with the issue of the degree of cultural coherence in the interplay among conceptual metaphors, embodiment, and causes of metaphor variation

9. Cultural model Quinn, Naomi. 1987. Convergent evidence for a cultural model of American marriage. In Dorothy Holland and Naomi Quinn, eds., Cultural models in language and thought 173–92. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

10. For her cultural model of marriage, Quinn (1987) interviewed husbands and wives in eleven marriages (fifteen hours of tape recording) and applied the techniques of key words, metaphor grouping, and reasoning analysis. The most frequent key words were commitment, love, and fulfillment. She identified the following eight templates, in her terminology ‘‘proposition-schemas,’’ around which the metaphors used to explicate these schemas are grouped:

11. 1. marriage is enduring 2. marriage is mutually beneficial 3. marriage is unknown at the outset 4. marriage is difficult 5. marriage is effortful 6. marriage is joint 7. marriage may succeed or fail 8. marriage is risky

12. 隐喻与文化研究

13. Books by Ning Yu From Body to Meaning in Culture: Papers on Cognitive Semantic Studies of Chinese. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins. 2009. The Chinese HEART in a Cognitive Perspective: Culture, Body, and Language. Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter (Applications of Cognitive Linguistics series, 12). 2009. The Contemporary Theory of Metaphor: A Perspective from Chinese. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins (Human Cognitive Processing series, 1). 1998.

14. Journal articles by Ning Yu (1) Heart and cognition in ancient Chinese philosophy. Journal of Cognition and Culture 7(1/2), 27–47. 2007. Following the theory of conceptual metaphor in cognitive linguistics, this paper studies a predominant conceptual metaphor in the understanding of the heart in ancient Chinese philosophy: THE HEART IS THE RULER OF THE BODY.

15. Journal articles by Ning Yu (2) The eyes for sight and mind. Journal of Pragmatics 36(4), 663–686. 2004. This is a study of metonymic and metaphoric expressions containing body-part terms for the eye(s) in Chinese.

16. Journal articles by Ning Yu (3) Chinese metaphors of thinking. Cognitive Linguistics 14(2/3), 141–165. 2003. This article studies two of the four special cases, namely THINKING IS MOVING and THINKING IS SEEING, that constitute the metaphor system THE MIND IS A BODY in Chinese.

17. Book by Xiaohuan Zhao Zhao, X. Classical Chinese Supernatural Fiction: A Morphological History. 416 pp. Lewiston, New York, USA & Ceredigion, Wales, UK: the Edwin Mellen Press, 2005.

18. Journal articles by Xiaohuan Zhao Zhao, X. "On the Modes of Theme-Rheme Combination and Logic-semantic Relations in the Text of the Tao te ching,"Studies in Sinology, Vol. 29, Issue 2 (September 2007), pp. 79-110. Zhao, X. "Structural Patterns in Advertising Chinese: a Textual Analysis from the Theme- Rheme Perspective," The New Zealand Language Teacher, Issue I (October 2005), pp. 28-34.

19. 应用认知语言学 认知语言学与二语习得 认知语言学与外语教学

20. Applied Cognitive Linguistics

21. Applied Cognitive Linguistics I: Theory and Language Acquisition Applied Cognitive Linguistics II: Language Pedagogy Mouton de Gruyter 2001

22. Cognitive Linguistics, Second Language Acquisition & Foreign Language Teaching Mouton de Gruyter 2004

23. Handbook of Cognitive Linguistics and Second Language Acquisition Routledge 2008

24. Cognitive Linguistic Approaches to Teaching Vocabulary and Phraseology Mouton de Gruyter 2008

25. Cognitive Linguistics and Language Teaching Palgrave Macmillan 2009

26. Journal articles (1) Low, Graham D. 1988. On teaching metaphor. Applied Linguistics 9: 125–47. looks at the functions of metaphor in language use and the pedagogical implications for devising teaching and reference materials. Low argues quite convincingly that the systematicity of metaphor requires a discussion of methodological problems, such as constraints on the design of teaching materials and the development of effective types of exercise

27. Journal articles (2) Deignan, Alice, Danuta Gabrys′, and Agnieszka Solska. 1997. Teaching English metaphors using cross-linguistic awareness-raising activities. ELT Journal 51: 352–60. From a cross-linguistic perspective, Deignan, Gabrys′, and Solska (1997) suggest awareness-raising activities for Polish learners of English and develop strategies for comprehending and creating metaphors in the second language

28. textbook Rudzka-Ostyn, Brygida. 2003. Word power: Phrasal verbs and compounds: A cognitive approach. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.

29. a didactic application of Cognitive Linguistics, largely based on the concepts of trajector and landmark and involving the extension of prototypical literal senses into metaphorized, more abstract senses represented in radial networks. The aim is ‘‘to discover which semantic features are conveyed by the particle or by the phrasal verb as a whole’’, that is, to make the learner acquainted with the nonspatial or figurative meanings inherent in the particle and/or prepositional system. Moreover, it adheres to one of the principles of a pedagogical grammar—that it should be based on an, at least implicitly, contrastive approach—in that it provides the students with cognitive insights and tools to analyze the ways in which their native language expresses similar relations with the world. Unlike traditional, nonsemantic ways of grouping particles around one specific verb, this textbook groups verbs around particles/prepositions. In this way, the figurative meanings of the particles/prepositions can become transparent, and this transparency is said to lead to more meaningful learning.

30. Future research (Handbook, PP 1155-1156) It has been advocated that the metaphorical structure of language should be presented to foreign language learners as an integral part of language that is nonarbitrary in nature and that allows systematic treatment. A field which has hardly been researched involves the multicultural classroom, in which the status and use of the underlying contrastive metaphor systems in two or more languages could be systematically explored. In this regard, more work should be done on the role of interference, which can give an account of the learner’s cognitive strategies and provide an understanding of the social range of linguistic expressions in the target language.

31. There is still a need to provide further substantial studies from an applied cognitive linguistic perspective in order to show the all-embracing embodied nature of human language, in other words, a holistic understanding of the way language works. In order to demonstrate that, for example, grammar has an experiential and interactional grounding and to allow young learners ‘‘‘to grasp’, ‘feel’ or ‘see’ the syntax of English’’, it will be necessary to understand grammar as fundamentally embodied and imaginative, through metaphor and image schemas.

32. 认知语言学与语篇分析 认知诗学 认知文体学

33. Cognitive Stylistics: Language and Cognition in Text Analysis John Benjamins 2002

34. Cognitive Poetics: An Introduction Routledge 2002

35. Cognitive Poetics in Practice Routledge 2003

36. Toward a Theory of Cognitive Poetics Sussex Academic Press; second edition 2008

37. Cognitive Poetics: Goals, Gains and Gaps Mouton de Gruyter 2009

38. 认知语言学与翻译研究 Books Journal articles: Metaphor and translation: some implications of a cognitive approach, Journal of Pragmatics 36 (2004) 1253–1269 A Cognitive Stylistic Analysis of Classical Chinese Poetry Translation, 理论语言学研 究 第 2 卷第 2 号 2008 年 12 月

39. Cognitive linguistics and poetics of translation

40. The task of translating one language into another poses a great challenge for translators of literary texts. Here, Cognitive Linguistics provides a special contribution. Tabakowska’s (1993) study applies Cognitive Grammar principles to literary translation. Defining translation equivalence in terms of units larger than a single sentence, Tabakowska notes that these units overlap with Langacker’s notions of image and scene construal. In a series of case studies, Tabakowska shows how Cognitive Linguistics contributes to the art and practice of translation by (i) providing systematic explanations for the ease or difficulty of translation; (ii) describing the techniques of style through ‘‘pairing individual dimensions of imagery with particular linguistic means’’ and (iii) identifying the reasons in some cases for the impossibility of translation. She concedes that ‘‘it takes a poet to translate poetry’’ but argues that Cognitive Linguistics can help provide better understanding of the images and techniques in poetic text.

41. Stylistic Approaches to Translation

42. 4. Cognitive stylistics and translation 4.1 The cognitive turn in stylistics and translation studies 4.2 Translating the mind in the text 4.3 Ambiguity and textual gaps 4.4 Foregrounding, salience and visibility 4.5 Metaphor, mind and translation 4.6 Iconicity, mimesis and diagesis 4.7 Cognitive stylistics and the pretence of translation

43. 认知语言学的社会维度 Mouton de Gruyter 2008

44. Cognitive Sociolinguistics A union of Cognitive Linguistics and Sociolinguistics was bound to happen. Both proclaim a usage-based approach to language and aim to analyse actual language use in objective ways. Whereas Sociolinguistics is by nature on the outlook for language in its variety, Cognitive Linguistics can no longer afford to ignore social variation in language as it manifests itself in the usage data. Nor can it fail to adopt an empirical methodology that reflects variation as it actually occurs, beyond the limited knowledge of the individual observer. Conversely, while Cognitive Linguistics can only benefit from a heightened sensitivity to social aspects, the rich, bottom-up theoretical framework it has developed is likely to contribute to a much better understanding of the meaning of variationist phenomena.

45. World Englishes: A Cognitive Sociolinguistic Approach Mouton de Gruyter 2009

46. Over the last three decades, the field of linguistics saw a number of major and remarkable evolutions. Among the foremost developments is the emergence of two new and growing research paradigms, the Cognitive Linguistics framework and the world Englishes paradigm, which are now firmly established on the linguistic agenda world-wide. The driving forces that have led to the rise of the two frameworks are quite different. CL was proposed as a genuine theoretical paradigm, in explicit opposition to and out of disagreement with the then and still dominant framework of Generative Grammar. It is thus, most of all, an outgrowth of theoretically oriented discourse and of a paradigm shift within the discipline of linguistics itself, and unites linguists, controversies notwithstanding, who share a common theoretical perspective. The forces that led to the rise of the WE paradigm are crucially different in this respect. This research framework is essentially linguistics’ recognition of, reaction to, and reflection on drastic social and sociolinguistic developments brought about, first of all, by the dynamics of globalization. Unlike CL, it is not constituted by a common theoretical background. Rather, the common denominator of the WE paradigm is the joined interest in the linguistic effects and implications of these societal processes, and there is a high heterogeneity of theoretical perspectives.

47. Advances in Cognitive Sociolinguistics Mouton de Gruyter 2010 Edited by Dirk Geeraerts, Gitte Kristiansen, and Yves Peirsman

48. Part one: Lexical and lexical- semantic variation Heterodox concept features and onomasiological heterogeneity in dialects Dirk Geeraerts, Dirk Speelman Measuring and parameterizing lexical convergence and divergence between European and Brazilian Portuguese Augusto Soares da Silva Awesome insights into semantic variation Justyna A. Robinson Applying word space models to sociolinguistics. Religion names before and after 9/11 Yves Peirsman, Kris Heylen, Dirk Geeraerts

49. Part two: Constructional variation The English genitive alternation in a cognitive sociolinguistics perspective Benedikt Szmrecsanyi (Not) acquiring grammatical gender in two varieties of Dutch Gunther De Vogelaer Lectal variation in constructional semantics: “Benefactive” ditransitives in Dutch Timothy Colleman

50. Part three: Variation of lectal awareness and attitudes Lectal acquisition and linguistic stereotype formation Gitte Kristiansen Investigations into the folk’s mental models of linguistic varieties Raphael Berthele A cognitive approach to quantitative sociolinguistic variation: Evidence from th-fronting in Central Scotland Lynn Clark, Graeme Trousdale

51. Journal articles Gender metaphor 1 Gender metaphor 2

52. empirical methods within Cognitive Linguistics (1 实证研究举例 ) Emotional effects of reading excerpts from short stories by James Joyce Some parameters of literary and news comprehension: Effects of discourse-type perspective on reading rate and surface structure representation Foregrounding, defamiliarization, and affect: Response to literary stories

53. empirical methods within Cognitive Linguistics (2 语料库 ) Corpora in Cognitive Linguistics: Corpus-based Approaches to Syntax And Lexis Mouton de Gruyter 2006

54. Cognitive Linguistics, the branch of linguistics that tries to "make one's account of human language accord with what is generally known about the mind and the brain," has become one of the most flourishing fields of contemporary linguistics. The chapters address many classic topics of Cognitive Linguistics. These topics include studies on the semantics of specific words (including polysemy and synonymy) as well as semantic characteristics of particular syntactic patterns / constructions (including constructional synonymy and the schematicity of constructions), the analysis of causatives, transitivity, and image- schematic aspects of posture verbs. The key characteristic of this volume is that all papers adopt the methodological perspective of Corpus Linguistics, the rapidly evolving branch of linguistics based on the computerized analysis of language used in authentic settings. Thus, the contributions do not only all provide various new insights in their respective fields, they also introduce new data as well as new corpus- based and quantitative methods of analysis. On the basis of their findings, the authors discuss both theoretical implications going well beyond the singular topics of the studies and show how the discipline of Cognitive Linguistics can benefit from the rigorous analysis of naturally- occurring language. The languages which are investigated are English, German, Dutch, and Russian, and the data come from a variety of different corpora. As such, the present volume will be of interest to a wide range of scholars with many different foci and interests and should pave the way for further integration of usage-based techniques of analysis within this exciting paradigm.

55. Corpus-Based Approaches to Metaphor and Metonymy Mouton de Gruyter 2006

56. Metaphor and Corpus Linguistics John Benjamins 2005

57. 中国认知语言学研究存在的问题 （束定芳教授） 存在的问题 低层次的重复介绍多，具体语言现象研究少： 缺乏结合我国语言实际和语料的系统、创新 的研究； 研究范围广，方法论研究少：很少有研究从 我国语言实际出发进行理论创新； 邀请来讲座的多，参与国际学术交流的少， 在国外产生影响的研究少：在国外学者中有 影响的研究成果少。

58. 中国认知语言学研究的发展方向 （束定芳教授） 加强基于汉语语料的对比或类型学研究：沈家煊（ 2007 ）建议外语界 的人多做汉语和外语的比较研究， 一方面为语言教学服务，另一方面 通过比较探求语言的普遍规律，透过语言之间表面上的差异找出人类 语言的共性； 研究方法多元化：一方面是指认知语言学视角与其他语言学研究视角 的结合，呈现出视角多元化以及研究跨领域互补的特点； 另一方面指 认知语言学具体研究方法的多样性。认知语言学研究不再主要依赖内 省法， 而是依据不同的研究目的采纳不同的实证方法，如心理实验法、 视听语料法、语料库法或调查法等； 进一步加强基于语料库的（ Corpus-based ）研究：认知语言学的一个 基本假设就是其基于用途（ usage-based ）的语言观，认为语言知识源 起于语言的使用； 将认知语言学理论应用于更多的相关领域：认知语言学理论对语言本 质的看法将为更多相关领域的研究提供有益启示。如认知语言学可为 翻译研究提供新的视角， 同时也可以为词典编撰等工作提供新思路。 认知语言学理论应该也更可能被广泛应用于外语教学等领域。

59. Just for Fun Masako Hiraga is professor of English and Linguistics at the Graduate School of Intercultural Communication Studies, Rikkyo University, Tokyo.

60. Metaphor and Iconicity A Cognitive Approach to Analysing Texts Masako K. Hiraga Palgrave Macmillan, 2005

61. Metaphors Japanese Women Live By Masako K. Hiraga 1991 COMMODITY, THY NAME IS WOMAN. A. WOMEN ARE A COMMODITY. (That woman is mine.) B. WOMEN ARE SALES PRODUCT. (That woman sold her body to support her life.) C. UNMARRIED WOMEN ARE A SALES PRODUCT. D. MARRIAGE IS SELLING AND BUYING.

62. E. WOMEN ARE FOOD. (That woman is in the best season to eat. That woman is fully ripe.) F. MEN EAT WOMEN (He is a bad man who makes women his food.) G. WOMEN ARE FLOWERS/PLANTS (Because he sat between two women, he had flowers in both hands. He was in good humor, surrounded by the girls who have peach buttocks. We must have our daughter married quickly before a bug eats her.) H. WOMEN ARE SEXUAL OBJECTS.

63. A STUDY OF METAPHORICAL MAPPING INVOLVING SOCIO- CULTURAL VALUES: HOW WOMAN IS CONCEPTUALIZED IN JAPANESE WOMAN METAPHOR IN JAPANESE In Japanese there are varieties of conventionalized metaphorical expressions referring to women. Among them, we focus on metaphors with animals and plants as the source concepts.' Women as Animals or Plants. ofisu-no hana : office flower kabe-no hana : wall flower yamato-nadesiko : Japanese-pink flower yoru-no choo : night butterfly uguisu-joo: nightingale-girl kago-no tori : cage bird

64. The properties in woman metaphors are fundamentally based on the socio-cultural codes. Below are metaphors that reflect gender-differentiating socio-cultural codes. furu-danuki : old-raccoon dog (an experienced and sly tactician) furu-gitune : old-fox (an experienced and sly woman) uguisu-joo : nightingale-girl (a female announcer)

65. Considering the socio-cultural codes, the majority of woman metaphors seem to be based on the perspective of men. Men seek in women certain properties (i.e., passiveness, patienthood, etc. which are similar to what hunters seek in prey and what people seek in pets. This relationship can be summarized as below: (A) Women are to men what prey is to hunters. (B) Women are to men what pets are to their owners. (C) Women are to men what the patient is to the agent of an action.

66. Are women nothing more than their body parts? Obscene and indecent metaphors used to describe women in a Hong Kong magazine, Josephine Shui-Kei Chin, The University of Hong Kong WOMAN IS BOMB According to Goatly (2007: 84), previous research found that in sexual metaphors men are usually constructed as the aggressors and their genitals would be the weapon. However, in the examples here, the seductive bodies of women were also described as weapons.

67. Washing the Brain – Metaphor and Hidden Ideology Andrew Goatly John Benjamins 2008

68. 1. 如果唔係成個飛彈咁唔自然呀！ Or else it will be as unnatural as a flying bomb! Or else the bust will be as unnatural as a missile! 2. 女主角原本屬意擁有 34C 愛美神飛彈的黎姿 The female leading role was originally to be played by Gigi Lai who has a 34C-love- beauty-goddess-flying-bomb. The female leading role was originally to be played by Gigi Lai who has a 34C-missile-of- Venus.

69. 3. 36F 超級導彈，真係炸到人鼻血流唔停 36F-super-guided-bomb, our noses cannot stop bleeding because of its explosion. 36F-super-guided-missile, we cannot stop drooling because of its explosiveness.

70. WOMAN IS ANIMAL 4. 34C 大乳牛 34C big milk cow A milk cow with a 34C bust 5. 聽到佢話狐狸精？係又點？ Heard her saying, “Fox-goblin? So what?” Heard her saying, “I am a seducer? So what?”

71. WOMAN IS FOOD 6. 譬如他會在我面前說那個女仔好似豬扒 For example he will say it in front of me that that girl is like pork chop. For example he will say it in front of me that that girl is ugly and undesirable. 7. 由扒女變索女後 After changing from a steak-girl to a sniff-girl After changing from an ugly girl to a hottie.

72. 8. 兩對渾圓迫爆的「肉球」輕易成為全埸男子的焦點 A pair of perfectly round and extremely compact meat balls easily became the focus of all the men. Her huge breast easily became the focus of all the men. 9. 不過大家目光並非在杯飲品度，反而全部集中在杯 「 E 奶」上！ But everyone’s eyes are not on the drink; on the contrary, they are all on her cup of “E milk”. Everyone is not looking at the drink that she is making, they are looking at her “E-cup sized bust”.

73. Food metaphors in English Goatly (2007: 90) Cheesecake: half-naked, female, photographic models Tart: Sexually immoral/ attractive woman Lollipop: Attractive young girl Peach: Good, attractive girl

74. Food metaphors in Cantonese meat balls: busts E/G milk: E/G-cup sized busts (huge busts) pork chop: ugly/ sexually undesirable woman (often fat) steak girl: ugly/ sexually undesirable woman (often fat)

75. 唧奶 Squeeze milk When a woman wears a low-cut and tight outfit which pushes her busts together tightly, she will be described as “squeeze milk” 巨奶 / 巨乳 Gigantic milk Huge busts 漏奶 Leak milk The metaphor is used when the contours of the breasts are exposed because the size of the bra/bikini is too small to cover the whole breast 倒奶 Pour milk A woman is said to “pour milk” when she wears a low-cut outfit and bends down so people can easily see some part of her busts

76. Thank You!