1. Today is Monday, April 1, 2013 Do Now: Take w/s Biology practice 57 and complete

2. Do Now Review This is the equation for respiration. It means that ________ glucose molecule plus _____ oxygen molecules makes _____ carbon dioxide molecules, ________ water molecules and about 356 molecules of ATP (energy). 1 6 6 6

3. The C stands for __________________. The H stands for __________________. The O stands for __________________. carbon hydrogen oxygen

4. Cellular Respiration

5. Chemical Pathways How do you feel when you are hungry? Each person is different End result is same We ALL need food Just like plants, we have our own cycle for energy

6. Chemical Energy & Food Food - source of raw materials Food energy is measured on food labels in Calories (science - kilocalories) Calorie Amount of energy needed to raise temperature of 1 gram of water 1° Celsius 1 gram of glucose (sugar – C 6 H 12 O 6 ) releases 3811 calories of heat energy

7. Chemical Energy and Food Cells release the energy from food and convert it into ATP (and heat) by a process called cellular respiration Releases only a small amount of energy Aerobic w/ oxygen – 2 ways Anaerobic w/o oxygen – 1 way

8. What is a Calorie? 1. Amt. of food taken in to raise the temp 2. Amt. of energy needed to raise the temp 3. Amt of degrees

9. In cellular respiration what do we want to create? 1. ADP 2. ATP 3. Glucose 4. CO 2 5. O 2

10. True/false: Cellular respiration occurs all at once in large quantities. 1. True 2. False

11. Overview of Cellular Respiration 3 stages: Glycolysis Cytoplasm Krebs cycle (Citric acid Cycle) Mitochondrial Matrix Electron Transport Chain Inner mitochondrial membrane 6O 2 + C 6 H 12 O 6  6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + Energy

12. formula 1 glucose (6 carbons)  2 pyruvic acid (3 carbons each)+ 2 ATP + 2 NADH Cells don’t burn glucose Release energy from glucose & other food compounds

13. Glycolysis Occurs in Cytoplasm Anaerobic (does not require O 2 ) NADH when O 2 is available goes onto krebs cycle & electron transport chain NADH when O 2 is not available Undergoes fermentation 1 glucose (6 carbons)  2 pyruvic acid (3 carbons each)+ 2 ATP + 2 NADH

14. Krebs Cycle In the mitochondria Also known as the citric acid cycle Pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy extracting reactions 2 Pyruvic Acid (enters mitochondria)  2 Acetyl-CoA + 2 CO 2 + 2NADH Acetyl-CoA enters innermitochondrial membrane and is converted to citric acid Final products of Krebs cycle 6 NADH 2 FADH 2 (electron carrier) 2 ATP 2 CO 2

15. Electron Transport Chain Uses high energy electrons from NADH and FADH 2 to convert ADP to ATP Energy from electron (green) powers the proton pump (purple) in the inner membrane The protons diffuse back in thru ATP Synthase (red)which catalyzes the rxn to produce ~32 ATP

16. Electron Transport (A) At end of step, O 2 is final electron acceptor of e- transport chain O 2 is essential for getting rid of low- energy electrons & H +, wastes of cellular respiration

17. Electron Transport (B) H+ get transported across membrane w/every 2 high- energy e- Opposite side of membrane (matrix) is negatively charged

18. Electron Transport (C) Charge differences results in a spinning w/each rotation, enzyme ATP synthase grabs an ADP = ATP

19. Total Counts Glycolysis yields 2 ATP (no O 2 ) w/ O 2, 34 ATP get produced in Krebs/electron Transport in addition to 2 ATP from glycolysis (36 total ATP)

20. How many stages are there in cellular respiration? 1. 1 2. 2 3. 3 4. 4

21. Glycolysis occurs in the______. 1. chloroplasts 2. mitochondria 3. cytoplasm 4. nucleus

22. Glycolysis is ________. 1. aerobic 2. anaerobic

23. Electron transport chain occurs in the membrane of the ________. 1. chloroplast 2. nuclear 3. mitochondria 4. lysosome

24. The Kreb’s cycle is also called the _________. 1. Citric Acid cycle 2. Cotton cycle 3. Pyruvic Acid cycle

25. Kreb’s cycle is _______. 1. aerobic 2. anaerobic

26. The Kreb’s cycle occurs in the_______. 1. cytoplasm 2. mitochondria 3. chloroplast 4. membrane

27. The electron transport chain is______. 1. aerobic 2. anaerobic

28. Fermentation A. Definition 1. process by which cells releases energy in the absence of oxygen a. Anaerobic Respiration i. Aer – air ii. An = without B. 2 types 1. Alcoholic 2. Lactic Acid

29. Alcoholic Fermentation 1. Pyruvic acid + NADH  ethanol + CO 2 + NAD+ 2. Yeasts & other microorganisms a. dough 1 - spaces in bread b. beer c. wine

30. Lactic Acid Fermentation 1. Pyruvic acid + NADH  lactic acid + NAD+ 2. Animals a. Muscle soreness b. Rapid exercise & little O 2 c. Painful, burning d. Debt gets repaid w/heavy breathing

31. Lactic Acid Fermentation Unicellular organisms oprokayotes ofoods cheese, yogurt, buttermilk, sour cream, sauerkraut, pickles, kimchi

32. Long Term Energy Cellular respiration only way to generate continuing supply of ATP Pacing Energy stored in muscles & tissues

33. Long Term Energy Glycogen stores can last up 20 minutes Fat & stored molecules begin to get broken down Aerobic exercise is great for weight control

34. How many types of fermentation are there? 1. 1 2. 2 3. 3 4. 4 5. 5

35. Fermentation is ______. 1. aerobic 2. anaerobic

36. Alcoholic fermentation occurs in all but______. 1. bread 2. chips 3. beer 4. wine

37. Sore muscles occur in which type of fermentation? 1. Lactic Acid 2. Alcoholic 3. Both of these

38. Which type of fermentation occurs in cheese? 1. Alcoholic 2. Lactic Acid

39. True/false: You can have cellular respiration w/o photosynthesis. 1. True 2. False

40. Cellular respiration make ATP for energy. Where is this energy stored? 1. Chloroplasts 2. Mitochondria 3. Vacuoles 4. Muscles 5. Heart

41. Which type of fermentation occurs in prokaryotes? 1. Lactic Acid 2. Alcoholic

42. Assignment: Review questions