1. The Western Heritage Since 1300
Chapter 16: The Transatlantic Economy, Trade Wars, and Colonial Rebellion

2. Key Topics:
Europe’s mercantilist empires
Spain’s vast colonial empire in the Americas
Africa, slavery, and the transatlantic plantation system
The wars of the mid-18th century in Europe and its colonies
The struggle for independence in Britain’s North American colonies

3. Areas of Focus:
Periods of European Overseas Empires ( )
Mercantile Empires ( )
The Spanish Colonial System ( )
Black African Slavery, the Plantation System, and the Atlantic Economy ( )
Mid-18th Century Wars ( )
The American Revolution and Europe (501)

4. Spanish, Portuguese, French, British, & Dutch colonial possessions- 1700

5. European Empires in 1763

6. British Empire 1763

7. Mercantile Empires a. discovery b. exploration c. trade
I. Mercantilist Goals:
a. discovery
b. exploration
c. trade
d. exploitation of
resources
e. monopolies of
II. Mercantilism:
a. govt. control of
trade
b. economic trade
zones/barriers
c. profits sent back
to host country via
taxation
Atlantic Economy in the mid-18th Century

8. French-British Rivalry
I. French & British colonial possession constantly clashed in North America II. Areas of Contention: a. Saint Lawrence River Valley b. Upper New England c. Ohio River Valley III. Trade issues: a. fur trade b. fishing rights c. treaties w/ various Indian tribes IV. Caribbean: a. control of the West Indies b. crops-sugar, tobacco, cotton, indigo, coffee all wanted in Europe
Engraving of NY fur trade

9. French-British Rivalry
V. Partition of India I. Both France & Britain traded in a. India through chartered trading companies b. Britain-East India Company c. France-Compagnie des Indes d. goal of both countries/companies was to trade in China II. French & British Exploitation of India a. Britain-Robert Clive b. Joseph Dupleix c. both took over regions of India as internal conflict resulted in loss of local control (power vacuum). d. Dutch focused on Indonesia (Asia). Dutch dominant in Asia

10. French, British, and Dutch Holdings, 1700

11. The Spanish Colonial System
I. Colonial Government:
a. Legal link between New World
went through Castile, in Spain,
under leadership of Queen
Isabella.
b. Govt. of Americas assigned to
Council of the Indies
c. Viceroys in New Spain
(Mexico), and Peru carried out
orders, laws
d. sub-councils included:
-audencias
-corregidores
II. Trade Regulation:
a. House of Trade (Casa de
Contraction) regulated all trade
b. mercantilism
c. main ports included: Portobello
Veracruz, Cartegana
doubloons

12. The Spanish Colonial System
III. Trade Routes back to Spain
a. all ships traveled in convoys
for common protection
from other nations, pirates
b. no outside trade from
colony to colony
c. colony to home country back
to colonies
d. lots of ship wrecks in
Caribbean, treasure hunters
still find sunken wreckage,
gold, silver, etc. today

13. Colonial Reform under Spanish Bourbons
I. Changes in Spanish Trade
a. War of Spanish Succession ( )
b. Treaty of Utrecht (1713)
c. Spanish Habsburgs replaced w/Bourbons
of France
d. Philip V ( )in charge attempted to
strengthen trade lines to new world to
suppress smuggling
e. war w/ England 1739 resulted in Spanish
loss on the high seas
f. Charles III ( ) pushed for royal
control rather than Council of Indies
g. 1765, monopolies of Seville, Cadiz abolished,
allowing other Spanish cities trade w/ new
world.
h. opened more new world ports
i. authorized trade between Spanish colonies
j. organized 4th viceroyalty in Rio de la Plata
Spanish Philip V, a Bourbon

14. Colonial Reform under Spanish Bourbons
II. Social Order in New World:
a. Peninsulares-born in Europe, best
job opportunities in new world
1st class citizens
b. Creoles-parents born in Europe,
children born in new world,
2nd class citizens
c. Mestizo- children of native Americans
and lower ranking Europeans
3rd class citizens
d. Mulattos-children of native Americans
and Africans (slave or free)
4th class citizen
e. native American-original Americans
5th class citizens
Charles III of Spain

15. Black African Slavery, Plantation System, and the Atlantic Economy

16. I. The African Presence in the Americas
Slavery had existed in Europe prior to the th century, mostly within the Mediterranean Sea, Africa, and Asia
Ottoman Empire forbade transportation of trade after 1453
Portuguese began to import African slaves into the Canary Islands
Beginning with the 16th and into 17th centuries, slave trade became important as exploitation of resources from new world began to be shipped back to Europe
Labor shortages in new world as native Americans were exploited, enslaved, died of European disease, overwork, and lack of care by over-seers

17. West African Slave Trade

18. II. Slavery and the Transatlantic Economy
most slaves initially sent to Caribbean, Central and South America
slavery in North America slow to develop
Maryland, Virginia, early southern states due to cotton, tobacco crops
III. Slavery in Africa
traditional warfare in Africa between tribes: choice of death or slavery after battles
theft of persons from one tribe to another common as well.
slavery within Africa common during this period.
West Africa center of slave trade Senegambia, Angola areas for trade between Africans & Europeans

19. “Triangular Trade System”

20. IV. The West Indies, Brazil, & Sugar
1619, first known slave ship landed in Jamestown, Virginia
slaves brought to Caribbean and South America years earlier
labor done by Africans began to replace labor done by native Americans
sugar crop was labor intensive in Brazil
20,000 slaves a year imported into Caribbean by 1725
90% of Jamaican population was slave

21. V. Conditions
slaves treated worse in Central & South America than North America
slaves often had to fend for themselves -provide own food, clothing, shelter, in addition to work -attrition rate high due to overwork, disease, malnutrition -most slaves in South America from Africa rather than born in new world
16th century, Spanish, Portuguese heavy slave traders

22. V. Conditions- cont.
more men than women transported
two classes of slaves:
-newly arrived African slaves -old Africans who had been in Americas for extended period of time
-creoles, descendents of earlier generations of slaves, often now freed
farmers preferred latter two groups
upwards of 9 million Africans transported to New World

23. Brazilian sugar plantation

24. Mid-18th Century Wars I. War of Jenkins’ Ear
West Indies hotbed of slaver, smuggling, pirating
Spanish enforced mercantile trading policies customs(taxation), military patrol used to enforce laws
English ship captain Robert Jenkins caught, had his ear cut off; kept ear preserved after in brandy jar
Jenkins reported incident to British Parliament, Parliament called for war with Spain.
PM Sir Robert Walpole ( ), declared war
became first of many wars between Britain, Spain, other countries over new world

25. Mid-18th Century Wars II. War of Austrian Succession (1740-1748)
Prussian Frederick II took Silesia, Austrian province
Maria Theresa ( ), Habsburg ruler of Austria
III. British and French conflicts could have
remained independent though alliances created wider European war
France/Prussia/Spain vs. Austria/Britain
war ended w/Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
Prussia regained control of Silesia, Spain allowed to continue to import slaves into Spanish colonies

26. Mid-18th Century Wars War of Austrian Succession (1740-1748)

27. Mid-18th Century Wars IV. The Seven Years’ War (1756-1763)
Prussian Frederick II started another war
Frederick invaded Saxony, part of previous acquisition of Silesia
part of Convention of Westminster, signed by George III of Britain, who held title as Elector of Hanover within German states

28. The Seven Years’ War: France vs Britain or French & Indian War in North America

29. Mid-18th Century Wars V. Winning North America
William Pitt, the Elder( ), Secretary of State in charge of Seven Years’ War in 1757 (French & Indian War)
diverted monies to Prussia to fight France and Austria
Pitt’s goal was to divert France, take all of North America east of the Mississippi for Britain
sent 40,000 regular English/colonial troops to fight French troops in Canada

30. Mid-18th Century Wars
Sept. 1759, British Army under James Wolfe defeated French forces under Louis Joseph de Montcalm
French empire in North America was ending
French controlled islands in Caribbean fell to the British fleet
French and allied Indian forces lost to British at battle of Plassey in 1757

31. Mid-18th Century Wars
VI. Treaty of Paris of 1763
ended Seven Years’ War (French & Indian Wars)
Britain received all of Canada, Ohio Valley, eastern half of Mississippi River Valley
Britain returned Pondicherry and Chandernagore in India and West Indian sugar islands of Guadalupe and Martinique to France

32. Mid-18th Century Wars