1. OCEAN ECOSYSTEMS
Powered by solar energy, with sunlight driving photosynthesis by phytoplankton.

2. INTERTIDAL ECOSYSTEMS
Where ocean meets land
Uppermost reach of high tide to lowest limit of low tide.
Caused by the gravitational pull of the moon (every 6 hours)
Organisms adapted to extremes in temperature, moisture, sun exposure, and salinity
Predators (land and sea)

3. INTERTIDAL ENVIRONMENT
Huge diversity of life
High nutrient content
Many primary producers
Filter feeders
sea stars prey on filter feeders
Crabs are scavengers
Some animals burrow in the sand

4. INTERTIDAL ZONE
Copy figure 12 below (p. 189)

5. NERITIC ECOSYSTEMS From the low tide mark to the continental shelf
Entirely sunlit-great productivity
Contain 2 of the world’s most productive ecosystems:
kelp forests and coral reefs

6. KELP FORESTS
Kelp-a type of large brown algae that grows from the floor of the continental shelf
Can grow 200 feet tall - can grow 18 inches in one day!!!
Provide shelter and food for invertebrates and fish
Those organisms provide food for predators

7. KEYSTONE SPECIES
Species that has a strong or wide-ranging impact on a community
Sea otters are the keystone species in the neritic ecosystems
They eat sea urchins
If otters disappear, urchins overgraze and destroy kelp forests
Kelp forests absorb wave energy/ protect shorelines from erosion

8. MAPPING KELP FORESTS WE WILL COMPLETE THIS ACTIVITY. Take A HANDOUT
Colored pencils
Slide 37 of AP biology ch. 58, shows upwelling areas of the world.

9. Kelp Forest Mapping Lab p.3
Kelp forest locations
North American west coast
South American west coast
Eastern Canadian coast
Southwest tip of African coast
Northwest tip of African coast
Southern tip of Greenland
Entire coast of Iceland
Northwest coast of Europe
Eastern coast of Japan and East Asia
Southeastern tip of Australia

10. QUESTIONS FOR KELP LAB
2. Anywhere in the Indian Ocean or other sea where the sea surface temperature is too warm.
3. Kelp Forests are found at latitudes 28o N-55o N and 28o S-55o S, approximately. No Kelp Forests are located between 28o N and 20o S.

11. QUESTIONS FOR KELP LAB
4. List and identify an area affected by a cold-water current that runs parallel to the land.
5. The warmer temperatures of the shallows will mean less available nutrients for kelp and other producers, which in turn will mean declines in their numbers. This deprives grazers, such as sea urchins, of a food source. This result could cause members of each trophic level to starve or migrate.

12. CORAL REEFS Found in shallow subtropical and tropical waters
Skeletons of coral are made of calcium carbonate
Coral are tiny invertebrate animals like anemones and jellyfish( except all are sessile; attached to rock, coral, sea floor)
Some capture food with tentacles, others have symbiotic relationship with algae

13. MORE ABOUT CORAL Most are colonial, colorful, plentiful
When they die they leave behind their skeleton
This increases the reef’s size
They shelter shorelines
Host a tremendous biodiversity
Worldwide decline due to warming of surface waters and pollutants

14. # 17 p. 107-Attach a piece of loose leaf to complete the table
SAME
Different-Kelp
Different-Coral
In neritic zone
Brown algae (plants)
Are animals
Provide food
Regrows each year
Tiny invertebrates
Provide shelter
Attached to sea floor
Most attached to sea floor
Nursery for young
Destroyed by grazing(urchins)
Capture food-tentacles
Predators feed
Protected by sea otters
Symbiotes with algae

15. COMPARE AND CONTRAST TABLE, cont
Absorbs wave energy
Found in deep water
Found in shallow water
Protects shorelines
Decline if key species die
Plentiful, colorful
High biodiversity
___________
Grow quickly
____________
FOUND IN COLD WATER
Calcium carbonate skeleton____
World-wide decline due to pollution
Found in warm water

16. OPEN-OCEAN ECOSYTSEMS
Begins on the edge of the continental shelf
Contains the majority of the Earth’s water; 90%
Least productive ecosystem (most is dark)
Even at the surface lack of nutrients reduces productivity
Except in upwelling regions

17. MICROSCOPIC PHYTOPLANKTON
Base of the food chains
Phytoplankton-> zooplankton->fish, whales, jellyfish and other free-swimmers--->larger fish, sea turtles, sharks, fish-eating birds

18. APHOTIC ZONE
Bizarre-looking creatures that scavenge carcasses or eat detritus that falls from above
Symbiotic mutualistic bacteria
Predators with bioluminescence (bacteria that produce light chemically)
Example the anglerfish p. 191

19. BENTHIC ZONE Hydrothermal vents (very hot)
Tubeworms, shrimp, white crabs
Survive on bacteria that live in these thermal conditions
Can withstand tremendous pressure.
Difficult to study because die if brought to the surface
Humans can only explore this area in special submarines

20. ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINTS ACTIVITY
We will read and complete p. 110 in the wkbk. You may use a calculator
Then on loose leaf we will read and complete the activity on p. 197 in textbook.
You may use a calculator
Examine the graph on p. 197.Answer the 3 questions.
DO #14, 15, 21& 32 p
HAND IN FOR A QUIZ GRADE