1. Nanotechnology and its Applications to Fuel Cells
Christina Bishop
University of Tulsa
Two types of fuel cells appear to be the most promising for commercial application: hydrogen fuel cells and direct methanol fuel cells. Hydrogen fuel cells are being researched by automobile manufactures as a replacement for or hybrid with fossil fuels in passenger cars and public transportation. Direct methanol fuel cells can be used to power portable electronic devices such as mp3 players and cell phones.

2. Background and Introduction
Fuel cells have been around since the middle of the nineteenth century, but their use has been limited to the space industry [1].
Recently, companies have been looking for a more efficient, reusable energy source, and fuel cells are a likely candidate.
Two factors inhibiting the use of fuel cells in consumer application are efficiency and size.
I plan to focus my study, during and after graduate school, on nanotechnology with applications in fuel cell research.
I hope to contribute my skills to a research area that may one day power cars and houses by fuel cells instead of fossil fuels. 

3. Literature Review - History
1839- First fuel cell designed by Sir William Robert Grove.
1889-The term fuel cell was coined by Ludwig Mond and Charles Langer.
1913- Dr. Francis Thomas Bacon created the first alkaline fuel cell which he termed the “Bacon Cell”.
1960’s- NASA uses fuel cells to power their manned space missions [2].

4. Literature Review- Research
Replace PEM with microfluidic transport of laminar flow
Jayashree, et al. [3]
Decrease weak adsorption commonly found in nano-electrodes
Ding, Chen, Erlebacher [4]
Use nanomaterials to seal catalyst from contamination
Brochu, et al. [5]
Nanocoil and nanotube framework to replace carbon black
Park, et al. [6]
Girishkumar, et al. [7]
Optimization of nano-fuel cell arrays
Lux and Rodgriguez [8]

5. Theoretical Background
The idea of fuel cells came about through work with electrolysis
The First Law of Electrolysis
The Second Law of Electrolysis

6. Theoretical Background Hydrogen Fuel Cells
A fuel cell is an electromechanical energy conversion device which produces electricity with an oxidant and a fuel source.
Net reaction H2 + .5O2 → H2O

7. Current Research Hydrogen Fuel Cells
The automotive industry hopes to utilize fuel cells as either a sole power source or in conjunction with fossil fuels or ethanol in hybrid vehicles.
All major automobile manufacturers from GM to Honda have a prototype fuel cell car fully developed in testing on city roads [2].
Research focus:
Safe storage of hydrogen
Reduction of size of fuel cells

8. Future Directions Hydrogen Fuel Cells
Safe storage of hydrogen
Use a reformer
Nanomaterials as storage method
Reduction in fuel cell size
Nano-fuel cells

9. Theoretical Background Direct Methanol Fuel Cells
A DMFC is arranged similarly to the hydrogen fuel cell, since they are both polymer exchange fuel cells.
Anode CH3OH + H2O → CO2 + 6H+ + 6e-
Cathode 1.5O2 + 6H+ + 6e- → 3H2O
Net reaction CH3OH + 1.5O2 → CO2 + 2H2O

10. Current Research Direct Methanol Fuel Cells
Electronics companies in Europe and Asia are researching the use of fuel cells as a power source for small electronic devices.
Recent advances in the portable electronics industry include:
A DMFC laptop that uses 30% methanol [2].
The hybrid DMFC/battery system to power cell phones and 2-way radios [2].
A DMFC with a “passive” fuel supply system which feeds methanol directly into the cell. Guinness World Records recognized Toshiba’s achievement in 2005 [10].
Research Focus:
Efficiency increase
Safe storage of methanol

11. Future Research Direct Methanol Fuel Cells
Increase efficiency
A new DMFC that uses discrete tubes in a multi-layer ceramic configuration to mix methanol and water [2].
Safe handling of methanol
While safe handling of methanol is still a challenge from a regulatory end, Toshiba contends that if not tampered with, the methanol cartridges they have developed are safer than a battery since batteries store energy inside and fuel cells do not [10].

12. References
[1] Whittingham, M.; Saviness, Robert, Zawodzinski, Thomas. Chemical Reviews. 2004, 104.
[2] “History.” Fuel Cell Today. 24 Nov cationCentreExternal/EduCentreDisplay/0,1741,History,00.html
[3] Jayashree, et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc ,
[4] Ding, Yi; Chen, Mingwei; Erlebacher, Jonah. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126,
[5] Brochu, M, et al. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 2005, 89 [3],
[6] Park, Kyung-Won, et al. J. Phys. Chem. 2004, 108,
[7] Girishkumar, G, et al. J. Phys. Chem. B. 2006, 110,
[8] Lux, Kenneth; Rodriuez, Karien Nanoletters. 2006, 6,
[9] “U.S. Risks Missing the Boat in Micro-Power Fuel Cells; Low Awareness Ceding Crucial, New Market to Japan, Others, States PolyFuel CEO.” Nano Tsunami. 24 Nov htm
[10] “Frequently Asked Questions about Toshiba Fuel Cell Technology.” Toshiba America Electronics Components, Inc. 24 Nov f