Renaissance Arts By Debarati Mukherjee

Renaissance Arts By Debarati Mukherjee
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1: The impact of renaissance on arts: Humanism and art
Humanism as a cultural movement had great impact in creating interest in art- architecture, sculpture, painting, music etc The aim of humanism was to perfect all forms of art and scholarship The emancipation of man and the focus on the dignity of men created an atmosphere of intellectual freedom and individual expression The recovery of the secular and humane philosophy of Greece and Rome not only led to individualism but promoted new trends and styles in the spheres of art. The architects, sculptors and painters indulged in sweeping independent inner expressions The craze of classics and the love of beauty became the most striking features of Italian Renaissance. meetdebaratimukherjee.wordpress.com

2:Humanism and art The beginning of some new styles of Italian art can be located in the works of artists like Giotto di Bondone of Florence ( ) Boccaccio described him as the founder of a new art. Dante in his Divine Comedy cited him as the greatest living artist He can be described as the founder of Renaissance painting. He revived the beauty of classical art by abandoning the conventional and the rigid forms of Byzantine art. Instead he tried to the appearance of the world as he saw it. Compared to the late fully developed form of art during ‘High Renaissance”, Giotto’s landscapes did not look very realistic. But what was original in his work was his ability to extract from nature its essential forms and reproduce them in a simple and expressive way. Was in great demand in his time and was patronized by prosperous bankers like Peruri, Bardi and by King Robert of Anjou. Among his important works were the frescoes in the Upper Church of the Bascilica of San Francesco d’ Assisi, Arena Chapel in Padua, Florence Cathedral and his paintings included the Massacre of the Innocents and Monuments of truth, the Lamentations, the Betrayal of Christ and the Death of Saint Francis All these works displayed his power of expression of human emotions and that of presenting narrative details. meetdebaratimukherjee.wordpress.com

3:Upper church of the Basilica of San Francesco d’ Assisi
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Massacre of the Innocents
4:Giotto Massacre of the Innocents meetdebaratimukherjee.wordpress.com

5: Giotto Betrayal of Christ meetdebaratimukherjee.wordpress.com

6: Giotto lamentation meetdebaratimukherjee.wordpress.com

7: Giotto death of St. Francis meetdebaratimukherjee.wordpress.com

8:Humanism and art The art that developed after Giotto successfully established a more realistic relationship between figures and landscapes Florence became the most important centre of artistic creations. In no other city was the feeling of confidence and hope more intense than in the city of wealthy merchants. The revolutionary trends seen in the artistic developments during the Renaissance is evident in the works of Lorenzo Ghiberti ( ), Filippo Brunelleschi( ), Masaccio ( ) and Donatello (1386?-1466) Their sculpture, architecture and paintings were based on experiments and in the process they brought about visual representation of space through the laws of perspective. meetdebaratimukherjee.wordpress.com

9:Humanism and art After Giotto, among the young Florentine artists and architects, the name of Filippo Brunelleschi stands out He was employed to complete the cathedral of Florence, a Gothic structure The Florentines had wanted their cathedral to be crowned by an imposing cupola which no artist had been able to do as it required spanning the immense face between the pillars on which this cupola was to be created. He successfully devised a method for this. It is said that he travelled to Rome and personally studied the ruins of the temples and palaces and made sketches of their ornamentations and forms His architecture was not mere imitation of the past His work was very different from the past as it combined columns, pilasters and arches to produce an effect of light of light and shade. His framing of the doors clearly show his mastery of the mastery of the ancient structures. For the next few centuries, architects and Europe and America adopted meetdebaratimukherjee.wordpress.com

10: Brunelleschi’s cupola

11:Brunelleschi’s cupola

14: Santa Maria del Fiore (Florence)

15: Donatello (Donato di Niccolo di Betto Bardi) 1386-1466
He broke new grounds- creation full of energy and spirit There was realism and vigor in his as is evident form his bronze statue of David He also tried to replace the study of gentle refineness of his predecessor by a new and vigorous study of nature He encouraged the study of anatomy and he also believed that beauty was a matter of proportion This attitude of the Renaissance artists towards beauty was one of the key features of Renaissance art meetdebaratimukherjee.wordpress.com

16:Donatello’s works In 1430 Cosimo di Medici commissioned him to work on his Palazzo Medici- the result was David At the time of its creation , it was the first known standing nude statue produced since ancient times Conceived fully in the round, independent of any architectural surroundings and largely representing an allegory of the civic virtues triumphing over brutality and irrationality, it was the first major work of the Renaissance sculpture meetdebaratimukherjee.wordpress.com

17: Donatello’s works: statue of St. Mark and Equestrian

18:Humanism and art the good painter must paint principally two things: man and the ideas in man’s mind”-Vinci Indeed few sources make so attractively explicit the humanist philosophy of man as do Renaissance works of art-it is because Leonardo’s contemporaries did indeed choose them as their subject The poems, orations, moral essays, histories, and educational treaties of even the greatest humanist are little read today except by specialist as it was written in Latin. But the paintings, the buildings the statues of Renaissance artists are easily accessible. meetdebaratimukherjee.wordpress.com

19:Humanism and art Renaissance art was a humanist art- in its source, its content, and its style Allegory of Philosophy by Albrecht Durer( ) The woodcut illustrates a volume of love poems(Amores) by the German humanist Conrad Celtis and published in 1502 The woodcut is humanist as it illustrates a humanist ideal of knowledge meetdebaratimukherjee.wordpress.com

20: Durer’s woodcut The central figure is a women richly gowned and jeweled, wearing a crown and seated on the throne A tag identifies her as philosophy The literary source for both Durer and Celtis is the opening paragraph of the popular Consolation of Philosophy, by the late Romanist moralist and scholar Boethius (c ) In a dream, Boethius saw a majestic women. “In her right hand she had certain books, and in her left she held a scepter,” while on the lower part of her dress was “placed the Greek letter I, and on the upper ® and between the two letters like stairs, there were certain degrees made by a passage from the lower to a higher letter.” Celtis made one change. He replaced Boethius’ I by the letter Ø, probably intending it to represent phronesis, or prudence, defined by Cicero as “practical knowledge of things of things to be sought for and things to be avoided.” The two Greek letters therefore stands for the two great divisions of philosophy, ethics(moral beliefs and rules about right and wrong) and metaphysics. (® denotes theoria, speculative or contemplative philosophy) The stairs between them are the seven liberal arts; grammar, logic, rhetoric, arithmetic, geometry, astronomy and medicine meetdebaratimukherjee.wordpress.com

21: Durer’s woodcut Celtis spelt out the meaning of the picture at the top and bottom. “everything in heaven and on earth, in the air and sea, all things human, everything the flaming god (sun) brings to pass in the whole world (of nature), I philosophy, hold them all in my breast.” and Again “ the Greeks call me sophia (wisdom), the Latins sapientia (wisdom). The Egyptians and Chaldeans discovered me, the Greeks wrote me down, the Latins translated me, the Germans have added to me.” meetdebaratimukherjee.wordpress.com

22:Durer’s woodcut In medallions fixed to the wreath around the central figure are portraits of the Egyptian astronomer Ptolemy, Plato the Greek, the Latins Cicero and Virgil, and to represent the wisdoms of the Germans, Albertus Magnus, the teacher of St. Thomas Aquinas. His inclusion is a touch of German nationalism, but a reminder too that the great scholistics of the Middle ages continued to be widely read and admired throughout the 16th c. meetdebaratimukherjee.wordpress.com

22:Durer’s woodcut In each corner is one of the four elements( fire, air, water and earth), one of the four humors (the choleric, the sanguine, the phlegmatic and the melancholic), one of the four seasons, and one of the four ages of man. Finally on each of the arms of the throne is a Greek inscription: on the left, “First honor God, "on the right, “Be just to all .” The wise man, clearly , should know something about everything , have some knowledge of all things divine and human. He must be both humanist and encyclopedist. For the word “encyclopedia”, as more than one 16th c scholar ahs pointed out, is made up of the words Kyklos (circle, orb) and paideia (humanitas) and denotes therefore an all embracing humanitas. Durer had made his central figure the central of the ideal. meetdebaratimukherjee.wordpress.com

24: 19:Humanism and art The idea of humanitas included virtue as well as knowledge In 1502, the year of Durer's Allegory of Philosophy appeared, Andre Mantegna finished his Minerva expelling… In it he pictured the kingdom of the will and of moral choice meetdebaratimukherjee.wordpress.com

25: Minerva expelling vices from grove

26:Minerva expelling vices from grove
Vice has entered the grove of virtue-the pool has become infected with swamp Venus, the mother of vices, has imprisoned the mother of virtues in a rock who calls out for help Standing on the back of a centaur, emblem of a humanity more beast than man, Venus surveys her conquest. In the pool wallow sloth, ingratitude, ignorance, avarice, hate, suspicion, fraud and malice. A female satyr with her satyr babies represent lasciviousness A little monkey women carries a bag of seeds labeled, “the bad”, “the worse” and “the worst” meetdebaratimukherjee.wordpress.com

Behind the garden the mountain seems to explode-which portrays destruction by vice of the order, beauty and harmony of the moral world Answering the prayers of the olive souls cry, prudence, or moral wisdom, in the guise of Minerva rushes in from the left, preceded by Diana (with her bow) and Chastity (carrying an extinguished torch) In the sky on a cloud, waiting for their sisters to open the way for their return to earth, are the three other cardinal virtues: Justice (on the left with sword and scales), Fortitude (wearing a lion’s skin as helmet), and Temperance (holding two jars) meetdebaratimukherjee.wordpress.com

The fierceness of the fight is emphasized by a fantastic confrontation in the clouds, where an attentive eye can discern heads in profile facing each other, some light ,some dark personifying the combat of vice and virtue and giving it a cosmic resonance The theme of the battle of virtue and vice was an old one but Mantegna has treated it with a typically humanist sensibility. It records the recurrent struggle of man to order his soul, to subordinate his passions to the rule of reasons. Virtue is as natural as vice. Both are in man’s power…… meetdebaratimukherjee.wordpress.com

29: High Renaissance Period from about 1490-1520 described as such
Art in this period was scientifically and critically analyzed The new ideas were understood and appreciated by the educated humanists and the elites in the city states In fact the change is noticed in the field of painting from 1450’s The different disciplines such as ‘ the universal man’ of the humanist philology, technique of art and scientific theory, anatomy, the use of geometry to express a sense of proportion, antiquity and rhetoric were getting interlocked and became the hallmark of high renaissance Art and architecture in this period expressed the skills and genius of the individuals such as Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael, Bramante and many others. In fact his phase was dominated by the works of three great artists Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo and Raphael meetdebaratimukherjee.wordpress.com

30: Leonardo (1452-1519) Probably the greatest of Florence
Regarded as the most versatile genius who personified in himself the diverse qualities of a painter, architect, engineer, musician, mathematician, military and hydraulic engineer, poet and scientist. Came from a low social background; began life from an artist’s shop but succeeded in obtaining the patronage of Lorenzo di Medici Continued the tradition of experimentation initiated by earlier artists, particularly Brunelleschi His work based on intensive study of human anatomy and large scale experiments that included dissection of the human body His creations are divided into 4 periods: Began his career in Florence and worked till 1482 Moved to Milan and stayed there till 1499 Returned to Florence and worked till 1506 Accepted the invitation of the French king, Francis I, worked and lived till his death meetdebaratimukherjee.wordpress.com

31: Leonardo Believed in the most accurate imitation of nature and he himself created his works on the study of nature His analysis of human anatomy was remarkable as it was based on his personal experiments of dissection of human corpses His love for nature was close to worship His creations not only depicted his extraordinary technical skill and understanding of science but also his sense of geometric composition The smallest object in a painting is presented with accurate detail meetdebaratimukherjee.wordpress.com

32: Leonardo: study of animals

33: study of fetus : Leonardo

34: Leonardo : landscapes

35: Leonardo : maps meetdebaratimukherjee.wordpress.com

36: study of anatomy : Leonardo

37: Michelangelo Buonarroti(1475-1564)
Genius-a painter, sculptor, architect and poet From Florence, a Tuscan, belonging to a family of bankers Princes and popes outbid each other to obtain his services He depicted human figures, particularly the male as strong and powerful character Was temperamental and short tempered which became worse with age Admired and feared for his temperamental outburst and unrestrained independence meetdebaratimukherjee.wordpress.com

38: The Sistine Chapel His greatest achievement ( ); was thirty three Depicted a scene from the Book of Genesis, presenting a concentration of paintings at a single location Covered more than one thousand yards of plaster with frescoes and had to paint three hundred figures while lying curled up under the ceiling His feat apart from everything else was one of sheer physical endurance while carrying out the task, he wrote a letter to his friend describing the curious torture “my stomach is thrust towards my chin my beard curls up towards the sky my head leans right over onto my back my chest is like that of an old shrew, the brush endlessly dripping onto my face has coated it with multi layered paving my loins have retreated into my body, and my buttocks act as a counter weight. I tread blindly without being able to see my feet, my skin stretches out in front of me and shrinks in folds behind. I am bent as a Syrian bow.” meetdebaratimukherjee.wordpress.com

39: Michelangelo's masterpieces
the natural manner in which the human figures were portrayed, the high quality of the drawings, the use of perspective, and the outstanding combination of coherence and movement embodied in Michelangelo's Sistine Chapel frescoes so enchanted contemporary critics that they for centuries failed to realize that he was a fine colorist as well it placed Michelangelo at a height that no artist had reached before meetdebaratimukherjee.wordpress.com

40: god dividing the light from the darkness

41: creation of sun moon and planets

42: god dividing land and water

43: creation of Adam meetdebaratimukherjee.wordpress.com

44: creation of Eve from the rib of Adam

45: the temptation meetdebaratimukherjee.wordpress.com

46: fall of man : banishment

47: the Deluge meetdebaratimukherjee.wordpress.com

48: the Deluge-details meetdebaratimukherjee.wordpress.com

49: Noah’s sacrifice meetdebaratimukherjee.wordpress.com

50: the Drunkenness of Noah

51: interpretations….. Drunkenness of Noah represents the imprisonment of the soul within the body and fetters of an earthly existence Deluge symbolizes the despair of humanity enslaved by the passions of a mundane world Sacrifice of Noah revels the moment when the soul becomes aware of its own existence and tries to communicate with god and offering him a gift That awareness of self implies an awareness of sin-which is illustrated in the next painting, the fall of Adam and Eve When studied in inverse order, the other Biblical scenes on the ceiling- the Creation of Eve, the creation of Adam, God dividing the waters, the Creation of the Sun, Moon and the Panets, and God dividing the Light from the Darkness- illustrate the ascent of the human soul from earthly, material existence to a final state of grace. meetdebaratimukherjee.wordpress.com

52: Rebellious slave 2.15 m marble 1513
One of the “prisoners” series of unfinished sculptures for the tomb of Pope Julius II The other was the “dying slave” Powerful portrayal of human agony Now in Louvre meetdebaratimukherjee.wordpress.com

53: David 5.17m high Marble Best possible expression of beauty of the male figure Placed in front of the Florence City Hall to display the humanistic values of the city Created between meetdebaratimukherjee.wordpress.com

54: Madonna of Stairs Relief sculpture 1491 when seventeen
Scene of Virgin Mary, sitting on the base of a staircase, nursing the child christ The idea is just as Mary gave physical nourishment to Jesus, so too she gives spiritual nourishment to the faithful meetdebaratimukherjee.wordpress.com

55: battle of Centaurs Relief created around 1492
Last of the work patronized by Lorenzo di Medici Depicts the mythic battle between the Lapiths and the Centaurs Regarded by him as his best of earliest works meetdebaratimukherjee.wordpress.com

56: battle of Centaurs : details

57: Madonna and child Scene of Mary with infant Jesus (1501-4)
Jesus stands upright, almost unsupported, only loosely restrained by Mary’s right hand, and appears to be about to step into the world Mary does not cling on to her son or even look at him as if she knows already as to her son’s fate. meetdebaratimukherjee.wordpress.com

58: Apollo Controversial statue
Conjecture has it that the sculpture started the work as David, perhaps towards 1525, and later finished it as Apollo According to Vasari, it is Apollo perhaps in the act of taking an arrow from the quiver Factors favouring Apollo is : body is stocky and mature meetdebaratimukherjee.wordpress.com

59: Moses Commissioned in by Pope Julius II for his tomb, it represents the Biblical Moses with horns on hid head, based on the Latin retranslation of the Bible Marble 92.5 in meetdebaratimukherjee.wordpress.com

60: Victory Marble Produced as part of the tomb of Pope Julius Ii 2.61m high The depiction is not that of fighting but of victoriousness Depicts the winner who dominates the loser with great agility meetdebaratimukherjee.wordpress.com

61: Pieta meetdebaratimukherjee.wordpress.com

62 Raffaello Sanzio da Urbino(1481-1520)
Painter (both frescoes and portraits) and architect apart from being a expert printmaker Together with Michelangelo and Vinci forms the trinity of great masters of that period Though dying young, enormously productive Led a “nomadic life” working in various centers in Northern Italy, but spent a good deal of time in Florence ,from 1504 at end of 1508, moved to Rome where he lived for the rest of his life Was clearly influenced by Michelangelo meetdebaratimukherjee.wordpress.com

63 The school of Athens One of the most famous frescoes
Painted between in the Vatican Represented distinct branches of knowledge-philosophy, poetry, theology, and law. Represented by putti bearing the phrases “seek knowledge of causes”, “divine inspiration”, knowledge of things divine" and “to each what is due” meetdebaratimukherjee.wordpress.com

64: College of Athens 1: Zeno of Citium 2: Epicurus Possibly, the image of two philosophers, who were typically shown in pairs during the Renaissance: Heraclitus, the "weeping" philosopher, and Democritus, the "laughing" philosopher. 3: unknown (believed to be Raphael)[15] 4: Boethius or Anaximander or Empedocles? 5: Averroes 6: Pythagoras 7: Alcibiades or Alexander the Great? 8: Antisthenes or Xenophon or Timon? 9: Hypatia,[16] or Raphael,[17] Fornarina as a personification of Love[18] or Francesco Maria della Rovere? 10: Aeschines or Xenophon? 11: Parmenides? (Leonardo da Vinci) 12: Socrates 13: Heraclitus (Michelangelo) 14: Plato (Leonardo da Vinci) (Archimedes) 15: Aristotle (Giuliano da Sangallo) 16: Diogenes of Sinope 17: Plotinus (Donatello?) 18: Euclid or Archimedes with students (Bramante?) 19: Strabo or Zoroaster? (Baldassare Castiglione) 20: Ptolemy? R: Apelles (Raphael) 21: Protogenes (Il Sodoma, Perugino, or Timoteo Viti)[19] meetdebaratimukherjee.wordpress.com

65 Portraits Of Elisabetta Gonzaga -1504,
Wife off Duke of Guidobaldo of Ubrino Woman of literary and artistic interests Details include the black dress with applied trim in a patchwork pattern Scorpion like diadem on front of the woman Hairdo includes the coazzone, a long plait meetdebaratimukherjee.wordpress.com

66 Pope Julius II Oil painting on wood 1511-12
The presentation of the subject was unusual for its time Previous papal portraits showed them frontally, or kneeling in profile It was also exceptional at this period to show the sitter so evidently in a particular mood- here lost in thought The intimacy of this image was unprecedented in Papal portraiture but became the model for future painters for almost two centuries meetdebaratimukherjee.wordpress.com

67 Architecture –Chigi chapel
One of the six chapels in Rome. Designed by him as a private chapel for his friend and patron banker Agostino Chigi Gave the chapel a centralized octagonal plan, under a dome decorated with mosaics representing the creation of the world Subtle use of coloured marbles emphasize the individual elements meetdebaratimukherjee.wordpress.com

68 Printmaking Made no prints himself but entered into collaborations with Marcantonio Raimondi to produce engravings Total of 50 prints some made from his drawings and other designs created by him for print Most famous were Lucretia, judgement of paris, massacre of innocents meetdebaratimukherjee.wordpress.com

69 Lucretia meetdebaratimukherjee.wordpress.com

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