1. MATTER CYCLING IN ECOSYSTEMS Reading pp. 70-77

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3.  SOIL COMPOSITION

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28.   Nutrients move through air, soil, water, rock, organisms  One of sustainability principles  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=09_sW PxQymA https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=09_sW PxQymA MATTER CYCLING

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32.  http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/genbio/enger/st udent/olc/art_quizzes/genbiomedia/0377.jpg

33.   2 hydrogen atoms and 1 oxygen atom polar covalently bonded  Polar covalent—unequal sharing between atoms of different elements which results in one end being slightly negative (oxygen) and the other being slightly positive (hydrogen) WATER STRUCTURE

34.   Water attracts other water molecules by attraction of oppositely charged ends  Slightly negative oxygen end of one will attract slightly positive hydrogen end of another  Creates a hydrogen bond between different water molecules  Cohesion—attraction between like molecules WATER STRUCTURE

35.  WATER CHARACTERISTICS  High specific heat  The amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of one gram of a substance by one degree Celsius  Allows aquatic organisms to adapt to changing temperatures http://water.usgs.gov/edu/pictures/hea t-capacity-pond.gif

36.  WATER CHARACTERISTICS  Heat of vaporization  Large amount of heat can be absorbed to evaporate  Cycling of water  Cooling effect of perspiration http://idahoptv.org/dialogue4kids/images/s eason11/body_waste/sweat.gif

37.  WATER CHARACTERISTICS  Universal Solvent  Dissolves variety of substances  Carries dissolved nutrients through tissues, flush wastes http://image.slidesharecdn.com/1-141126141948-conversion- gate01/95/biology-form-4-chapter-4-chemical-composition-of- the-cell-part-1-25-638.jpg?cb=1418039477

38.  WATER CHARACTERISTICS  Capillary action  Result of cohesion (attraction of like) and adhesion (attraction of unlike)  Water pulled up roots against gravity http://www.scholastic.com/teachers/sites/d efault/files/promo_images/lesson_plan/1205 04_rt_watermovement.jpg

39.  WATER CHARACTERISTICS  Freezing  Water bonds expand and become less dense  Ice floats on water  Insulation of ponds/lakes  Will not crush organisms  l https://www.uwgb.edu/biodiversity/phenology /2011/prairiePond20111110_01uwgb_newIce54 0_GaryFewless.jpg

40.   Water filters UV that could harm aquatic organisms  Water exists as liquid over wide temperature ranges which limits evaporation from oceans WATER CHARACTERISTICS

41.   Powered by sun and gravity  Energy absorbed—transpiration and evaporation  Energy released—condensation  Gravity—precipitation, runoff, infiltration, percolation WATER CYCLE

42.   Evaporation—release of water molecules from surface of water bodies  Transpiration— release of water from surface of leaves http://www.pearsonplaces.com.au/Portals/0/PearsonReader/ BookImages/PACSCI7/03/PSCI_7_3_03_04.jpg http://citadel.sjfc.edu/students/kmd06085/e- port/msti260/transpiration.gif

43.  WATER CYCLE  Condensation— cooling of water vapor to create water droplets in clouds http://playrific.com/images/media/water_cycle_ani mation.png

44.  WATER CYCLE  Precipitation— liquid, solid falling in response to gravity http://itecideas.pbworks.com/f/1386215018/types%20of%20pr ecip.png

45.   Infiltration, surface runoff, percolation  Groundwater to recharge aquifers  Most runoff into streams and lakes to oceans WATER CYCLE

46.   Natural distillation by chemical and biological processes (bacteria) through evaporation and precipitation  Only about 0.024% of Earth’s water supply is available as liquid freshwater WATER CYCLE

47.   Withdrawing large quantities at rates faster than nature can replace it  Clearing vegetation—increases runoff, decreases infiltration that recharges groundwater, increases flooding, soil erosion, landslides  Wetland destruction that absorb water EFFECTS OF HUMANS ON WATER CYCLE

48.   Addition of nutrients creates overload and affects water purification  Cycle speeding up due to increase in temperature, increase in greenhouse gases which can change climate patterns  Droughts, floods, storms, global warming EFFECTS OF HUMANS ON WATER CYCLE

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50.   Through air, water, soil, organisms  Depends on photosynthesis and cellular respiration  0.038% of troposphere is carbon dioxide dissolved in water  Amount of carbon dioxide affects climate  Decrease causes cooling/Increase warms CARBON CYCLE

51.   Photosynthesis—uptake carbon dioxide  Cellular respiration—releases carbon dioxide  Decomposition—releases carbon dioxide  Deposition—incorporates carbon dioxide  Human activities—releases carbon dioxide CARBON DIOXIDE

52.  http://abhsscience.wikispaces.com/file/view/photosynthes is_1.jpg/390244350/photosynthesis_1.jpg http://cdn.vect orstock.com/i/c omposite/44,84 /cows-grazing- in-farm-vector- 1034484.jpg

53.  CARBON CYCLE https://s-media-cache- ak0.pinimg.com/236x/27/67/74/2767742bbe9f211fe494 4626d23d6a6c.jpg

54.  CARBON DIOXIDE http://worldwidestar.files.wordpress.com/2009/10/fo ssil_fuels.gif http://image.slidesharecdn.com/fossilfuel- 150325151322-conversion-gate01/95/fossil-fuel- 6-638.jpg?cb=1427296646

55.   Aquatic ecosystems—Carbon dioxide dissolved in water  Phytoplankton (photosynthesis) eaten  Cellular respiration of plants and animals  Shelled animals incorporate carbon dioxide into shells/skeletons (calcium carbonate)  Die; sediment sinks  pressured into limestone  breakdown releasing carbon CARBON DIOXIDE

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57.   Alter temperature and precipitation  Raises sea level  Disrupts global food production  Disrupts wildlife habitat EFFECTS OF HUMANS ON CARBON CYCLE

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60.   Nitrogen-fixation  Ammonification  Nitrification  Assimilation  Denitrification NITROGEN CYCLE

61.   Cycles through air, water, oil, organisms  78% of troposhere  Necessary in protein, nucleic acids, ATP, vitamins  Convert atmospheric nitrogen by nitrogen- fixation (terrestrial) and atmospheric fixation by lightning NITROGEN CYCLE

62.   Atmospheric nitrogen  to ammonia  Ammonia  ammonium ion  Ammonia/Ammonium ion  nitrites (toxic)  nitrates  Nitrates  nucleotides and amino acids  Decomposition/Excretion  Ammonification  Nitrates  atmospheric nitrogen NITROGEN CYCLE

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69.   Stored in underground rocks/minerals  Sulfate salts in ocean sediment  Hydrogen sulfide from volcanoes, bogs  Sulfur dioxide from volcanoes  Sea spray (sulfate salts) SULFUR CYCLE

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71.   https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BzPeA9oQNl8 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BzPeA9oQNl8 SULFUR DIOXIDE