1. Caste in a different mould Understanding the discrimination Rajesh Shukla Sunil Jain Preeti Kakkar

2. The discrimination seems apparent … In terms of the share of population and income share Social groupPopulationIncomeExpenditureSurplus income ST8.0 5.2 (40,753) 5.2 (30,327) 5.0 (10,425) SC16.8 11.8 (45,889) 13.0 (37,377) 8.3 (8,512) OBC41.1 37.7 (59,741) 39.1 (45,694) 33.7 (14,047) Upper caste34.1 45.4 (86,690) 42.7 (60,054) 53.0 (26,636) Total100.0 100.0 (65,041) 100.0 (47,929) 100.0 (17,111) Distribution of Population, Income, Expenditure and Surplus Income by Social Group (% to total) Ref: Page No. 21 Source: NSHIE (2004-05), NCAER. Note: Figures in brackets represent average annual household income in rupees.

3. The discrimination seems apparent … Or other parameters like ownership of durables Distribution of Households by Selected Welfare Indicators Ref: Page No. 25 CharacteristicsSTSCOBC Upper casteTotal Ownership of select consumer goods and financial services (% of households owning them) Car1.82.24.710.86.1 Two-wheeler16.420.135.248.335.6 Colour TV17.119.834.852.837.0 Life insurance12.415.42432.124.4 Loan22.125.72719.923.9 Source: NSHIE (2004-05), NCAER.

4. The discrimination seems apparent … Distribution of Households by Occupation (% to total) Ref: Page No. 53 OccupationSTSCOBC Upper casteTotal Professional, technical and related workers2.53.34.16.64.7 Administrative, executive and managerial workers1.21.42.34.62.8 Clerical and related workers2.64.24.77.25.3 Sales workers4.38.812.416.712.6 Service workers3.05.25.17.15.6 Farmers, fishermen, hunters, loggers and related workers58.639.541.534.040.0 Production and related workers23.330.923.216.422.2 Workers not classified by occupation4.46.76.67.56.8 All-India100.0 Or even the proportion employed in various professional categories Source: NSHIE (2004-05), NCAER.

5. The discrimination seems apparent … Or when it comes to the levels of education Highest level of educationSTSCOBC Upper casteTotal Illiterate6.72.91.70.71.6 Up to primary (5 th )17.111.67.23.06.3 Up to matriculation(10 th )34.641.434.623.630.4 Up to higher secondary (12 th )16.316.621.019.119.4 Graduate and above25.327.435.653.642.3 All-India100.0 Distribution of Income by Highest Level of Education (% to total) Ref: Page No. 49 Source: NSHIE (2004-05), NCAER.

6. The discrimination seems apparent … In terms of overall incomes for each group Estimates of Household Income, Expenditure and Savings (Rs/annum) Ref: Page No. 46 Source: NSHIE (2004-05), NCAER.

7. The discrimination seems apparent … Differences in incomes don’t change with levels of education Estimates of Household Income by Highest Level of Education (Rs/annum) Ref: Page No. 47 Source: NSHIE (2004-05), NCAER.

8. The discrimination seems apparent … Or when it comes to various occupation groups Source: NSHIE (2004-05), NCAER. Estimates of Household Income by Occupation (Rs/annum) Ref: Page No. 52

9. The discrimination seems apparent … And even when it comes to religious groups Socio -religious Groups Household income (NSHIE)Index (Total=100) RuralUrbanAllRuralUrbanAll Hindu SC/ST37,66267,97543,314737167 Hindu OBC51,33281,59459,249998591 Hindu (upper caste)67,159119,87188,472129125136 All Hindus5144496548644139910199 Muslims SC/ST/OBC47,61776,90456,415928087 Muslims (upper caste)52,06983,46165,47410087101 All Muslims494778054160645958493 Other Minorities69,179113,72987,159133119134 Total51,92295,82765,041100 Source: NSHIE (2004-05), NCAER. Average Household Income by Socio-Religious Groups (Rs/annum) Ref: Page No. 38

10. But this is not caste in stone … Upper caste illiterates earn less than matriculate STs Keep in mind that a very large proportion of SC/ST graduates are located in states/small towns where income levels are much lower Highest level of educationSTSCOBC Upper casteTotal Illiterate12.26.64.11.84.4 Up to primary (5 th )25.419.013.37.213.2 Up to matriculation (10 th )38.648.043.836.241.5 Up to higher secondary (12 th )11.712.418.620.417.6 Graduate and above12.114.020.234.423.3 All-India100.0 Estimates of Household Income by Highest Level of Education (Rs/annum) Ref: Page No. 47 Distribution of Households by Highest Level of Education in Household (% to total) Ref: Page No. 48

11. But this is not caste in stone … Even upper castes earn small amounts in low-income states State of ResidenceSTSCOBC Upper casteTotal Low income states53.945.744.332.041.1 Middle income states18.934.638.729.433.2 High income states20.917.912.734.121.5 Hill states6.31.84.34.64.1 All-India100.0 Distribution of Households by State of Residence (% to total ) Ref: Page No. 62 Source: NSHIE (2004-05), NCAER. Estimates of Household Income by State of Residence (Rs/annum) Ref: Page No. 61 Low-income states have less big towns, SC/ST have less graduates … all this needs to be kept in mind. But differences less in richer states

12. But this is not caste in stone … The same applies to upper castes in villages and small towns Location STSCOBC Upper casteTotal Rural89.977.072.758.870.1 Town -III (Less than 0.5 million population)5.912.115.316.014.2 Town -II (0.5- 1.0 million population)1.02.43.24.23.2 Town -I (More than 1.0 million population)3.38.48.921.012.5 All-India100.0 Distribution of Households by Location (% to total) Ref: Page No. 63 Estimates of Household Income by Location (Rs/annum) Ref: Page No. 61 Source: NSHIE (2004-05), NCAER. Differences in income less in big towns. Usual differences due to education etc still apply

13. But this is not caste in stone … Upper castes in agriculture earn less than STs in modern services Distribution of Households by Location (% to total) Ref: Page No. 51 Location STSCOBC Upper casteTotal Agriculture61.243.043.735.342.1 Industry7.39.89.710.09.6 Traditional services24.137.133.735.234.0 Modern services7.410.112.919.614.3 All-India100.0 Estimates of Household Income by Sectors of Employment (Rs/annum) Ref: Page No. 50 Source: NSHIE (2004-05), NCAER. Usual reasons for differences like education apply. But differences reduce in modern services sector

14. But this is not caste in stone … STs in richer states own more than upper castes in low-income states Characteristics Colour TVTwo-wheeler STSCOBCUpper casteTotalSTSCOBCUpper casteTotal Location Rural13.111.725.534.724.313.513.929.338.127.3 Large town (1 million plus population 65.357.369.386.777.854.744.856.367.161.2 Per capita income quintiles Q12.13.17.5 14.1 6.73.43.28.814.97.6 Q5 63.5 67.473.682.477.358.361.770.572.970.5 Highest level of education Illiterate3.41.53.68.53.73.95.17.49.76.3 Graduate47.052.867.078.370.440.850.564.869.464.6 Major source of income Labour4.68.215.821.113.63.17.511.4 14.1 9.9 Salaried63.259.769.179.872.8 60.3 53.964.267.564.4 Size of landholding Landless6.69.421.929.818.95.39.519.326.216.9 Large farmer23.336.042.753.545.813.513.929.338.127.3 State of residence Low income states5.69.915.4 29.9 17.211.512.724.538.324.6 High income states 34.5 41.747.073.659.629.039.950.466.055.6 Sectors of engagement Agriculture11.77.023.631.321.612.811.728.337.626.2 Modern services57.654.863.175.167.554.851.263.266.162.7 Source: NSHIE (2004-05), NCAER. Distribution of Households Owning Colour TV and Two-Wheelers (% to total) Ref: Page No. 35 0

15. But this is not caste in stone … Greater education ensures Hindus earn more than Muslims Socio-religious GroupsIlliterate Up to primary (5 th ) Up to matriculation (10 th ) Up to higher secondary (12 th ) Graduate and aboveTotal Hindu (SC/ST)20,99527,67438,37959,17085,38343,314 Hindu (OBC)24,12531,95646,64665,773103,89959,249 Hindu (upper caste)27,65033,31855,81280,581135,53588,472 All Hindus22,86530,25546,75770,285116,80664,413 Muslim (SC/ST/OBC)25,24931,89247,44082,745108,17456,415 Muslim (upper caste)42,75642,28255,21979,603109,64765,474 All Muslims31,33836,29851,17281,298108,94460,645 Other minorities26,98835,71159,88483,120143,04787,159 Total23,88631,17447,66271,647117,84465,041 Socio-religious GroupsIlliterate Up to primary (5 th ) Up to matriculation (10 th ) Up to higher secondary (12 th ) Graduate and aboveTotal Hindu (SC/ST)8.621.444.71213.2100.0 Hindu (OBC)3.912.74418.920.5100.0 Hindu (Upper caste)1.55.834.821.436.5100.0 All Hindus4.412.841.217.923.7100.0 Muslim (SC/ST/OBC)3.31666.18.26.4100.0 Muslim (Upper caste)3.816.648.513.417.7100.0 All Muslims5.118.347.213.515.8100.0 Other minorities3.910.134.419.831.7100.0 Total4.413.241.517.623.3100.0 Average Household Income by Highest Level of Education (Rs/annum) Ref: Page No. 40 Distribution of Households by Highest Level of Education (% to total) Ref: Page No. 42 Source: NSHIE (2004-05), NCAER.

16. But this is not caste in stone … STs in rich states earn more than upper castes in poor states States Share of state to total (%) Earning weight Spending weight Saving weight HouseholdsPopulationIncomeExpenditureSavings 1 Maharashtra15.114.915.4 (88,156)12.9 (51,180)21.0 (36,977)1.020.851.39 2 Uttar Pradesh11.914.511.5 (83,588)15.3 (77,380)2.8 (6,208)0.961.290.23 3 West Bengal12.411.912.8 (89,050)13.1 (63,094)12.1 (25,956)1.031.050.97 4 Gujarat9.18.79.8 (92,801)8.8 (57,998)11.9 (34,803)1.070.971.31 5 Andhra Pradesh8.37.05.6 (58,560)5.3 (38,481)6.3 (20,080)0.680.640.75 6 Bihar6.76.64.0 (51,187)4.6 (41,006)2.6 (10,181)0.590.680.38 7 Rajasthan4.14.73.7 (78,540)3.9 (58,459)3.1 (20,081)0.910.970.75 8 Madhya Pradesh4.04.33.5 (75,846)4.1 (61,365)2.2 (14,481)0.871.020.54 9 Punjab3.13.33.6 (98,211)4.2 (79,978)2.1 (18,233)1.131.330.68 10 Karnataka3.43.24.8 (120,771)4.6 (80,505)5.2 (40,266)1.391.341.51 Other states21.820.925.5 (10,1592)23.2 (63,956)30.8 (37,636)1.171.061.41 All India100.0 100.0 (86,690)100.0 (60,054)100.0 (26,636)1.00 States Share of state to total (%) Earning weight Spending weight Saving weight HouseholdsPopulationIncomeExpenditureSavings 1Madhya Pradesh14.115.510.1 (29,010)11.9(25,556)4.7(3,454)0.710.840.33 2Maharashtra10.410.714.0 (54,633)10.8(31,304)23.4(23,329)1.341.032.24 3Rajasthan9.310.67.4 (32,509)8.7(28,564)3.5(3,945)0.800.940.38 4Orissa9.49.15.7 (24,566)6.1(19,527)4.5(5,039)0.600.640.48 5Jharkhand8.28.67.0 (34,836)7.1(26,287)6.7(8,549)0.850.870.82 6Gujarat9.88.511.9 (49,481)10.5(32,328)16.2(17,152)1.211.071.65 7Chhattisgarh8.78.47.2(33,345)6.7(23,347)8.4(9,999)0.820.770.96 8Karnataka7.16.910.8(62,238)11.8(50,533)7.9(11,705)1.531.671.12 9Andhra Pradesh6.85.64.7(28,303)5.2(23,185)3.4(5,117)0.690.760.49 10West Bengal3.8 3.7(39,418)4.4(34,686)1.7(4,732)0.971.140.45 Other states12.212.117.5(58,400)16.8(41,724)19.6(16,677)1.431.381.60 All India100.0 100.0(40,753)100.0(30,328)100.0(10,425)1.00 Economic Profile of STs by Top 10 States (% to total) Ref: Page No. 159 Economic Profile of Upper castes by Top 10 States (% to total) Ref: Page No. 178

17. Thank you