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BIOLOGY STAAR REVIEW
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# 1 - Ecology
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The Producers: Autotrophs
An autotroph or producer is an organism that uses energy from light (sun) or other chemicals to produce its own food (ex – Glucose).
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The Producers: Autotrophs
Examples: trees, grasses, shrubs, aquatic plants, etc.
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The Producers: Autotrophs
Many organisms on the planet rely on autotrophs for nutrients and energy.
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The Consumers: Heterotrophs
Heterotrophs (consumers) - cannot produce their own food. They must obtain nutrients by eating other organisms. Examples: Tigers, Birds, Fish, Insects, etc.
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1. Food Chain & Food Web Practice
Producers 1. 2. Primary Consumer (1st order) 3. 4. Secondary Consumers (2nd order) Tertiary (3rd order) What is not shown in this food web?
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1. Food Chain & Food Web Practice
Producers 1. Plant 1 2. Plant 2 Primary Consumer (1st order) 1. 2. 3. 4. Secondary Consumers (2nd order) Tertiary (3rd order) What is not shown in this food web?
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1. Food Chain & Food Web Practice
Producers 1. Plant 1 2. Plant 2 Primary Consumer (1st order) 1. Mouse 2. Grasshopper 3. Rabbit 4. Squirrel Secondary Consumers (2nd order) 1. 2. 3. 4. Tertiary (3rd order) What is not shown in this food web?
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1. Food Chain & Food Web Practice
Producers 1. Plant 1 2. Plant 2 Primary Consumer (1st order) 1° 1. Mouse 2. Grasshopper 3. Rabbit 4. Squirrel Secondary Consumers (2nd order) 2° 1. Mouse *** 2. Fox 3. Frog 4. Snake Tertiary (3rd order) 3° What is not shown in this food web?
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1. Food Chain & Food Web Practice
Producers 1. Plant 1 2. Plant 2 Primary Consumer (1st order) 1. Mouse 2. Grasshopper 3. Rabbit 4. Squirrel Secondary Consumers (2nd order) 2. Fox 3. Frog 4. Snake Tertiary (3rd order) Owl, Fox,Snake What is not shown in this food web?
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1. Food Chain & Food Web Practice
Producers 1. Plant 1 2. Plant 2 Primary Consumer (1st order) 1. Mouse 2. Grasshopper 3. Rabbit 4. Squirrel Secondary Consumers (2nd order) 2. Fox 3. Frog 4. Snake Tertiary (3rd order) Owl What is not shown in this food web? The Sun - our energy source, & Decomposers
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2. Biological Pyramids Biological Pyramids – As you go UP the food chain, the number of organisms, amount of energy and mass decrease.
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2. Biological Pyramids
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2. Biological Pyramids For Example:
The grass = 100% energy. Grasshopper = 10% energy of the grass. Frog = 10% energy of the grasshopper. As food chain goes to each level, the energy level decreases. 90% is given off through heat and activity. Only 10% of energy is passed on.
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3. Symbiosis Symbiosis – The relationship in which there is a close and permanent association between organisms of different species.
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3. Symbiosis A symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit.
3 Types of Symbiosis: Definition Example Mutualism +/+ A symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit. A flower and a bee The flower gets pollinated and bee gets food.
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3. Symbiosis 3 Types of Symbiosis: Definition Example Commensalism +/0 A symbiotic relationship in which one species benefits and the other species is neither harmed nor benefits. Barnacles on whales Barnacles are carried to different areas to reproduce and whales are not affected.
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3. Symbiosis 3 Types of Symbiosis: Definition Example Parasitism +/- A symbiotic relationship in which a member of one species benefits and the other species is harmed. Tapeworm in a human The tapeworm lives in the intestines and takes nutrients from the human.
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Predator/Prey Relationships:
A relationship that involves one organism capturing and eating another organism. _________ - “Hunter” _________ - “Hunted”
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Predator/Prey Relationships:
A relationship that involves one organism capturing and eating another organism. Predator - “Hunter” Prey - “Hunted”
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SAMPLE QUESTIONS - ECOLOGY
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SAMPLE QUESTIONS - ECOLOGY
1 B. Because Peccaries are Omnivores
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SAMPLE QUESTIONS - ECOLOGY
2. Energy used by producers in a Grassland food web is provided by: A. Sunlight B. Photosynthesis C. Oxygen D. Carbon Dioxide
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SAMPLE QUESTIONS - ECOLOGY
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SAMPLE QUESTIONS - ECOLOGY
Plants Aphids Spiders Sparrows 4. In the food chain above, the spiders are: A. Producers B. Primary Consumers C. Competitors D. Secondary consumers
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SAMPLE QUESTIONS - ECOLOGY
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SAMPLE QUESTIONS - ECOLOGY
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SAMPLE QUESTIONS - ECOLOGY
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# 2 - Cells
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Cells Remember: Animal cell = round shape And NO cell wall!
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Cells Remember: Plant cell = square or rectangle shape
And has a cell wall!
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1. Important Organelles:
Nucleus – site of DNA, control center, contains blueprints for life
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1. Important Organelles:
Mitochondria – ENERGY – “powerhouse” of the cell
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1. Important Organelles:
Plasma Membrane (a.k.a. - cell membrane) – Outer protective layer that allows water and small molecules to move in and out of the cell.
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1. Important Organelles:
Ribosome – site of protein synthesis. **Remember – the directions for what proteins will be made is in the DNA
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1. Important Organelles:
Chloroplast – site of photosynthesis (autotrophs only)
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1. Important Organelles:
Lysosome - “Lysol”, the cleaner, recycler the garbage man. Not seen as an answer, but used as a distracter in the answer choices.
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Directions: Use the words on the left to fill in the Venn Diagram
ANIMAL CELL PLANT CELL Round shape Nucleus Cell Wall Cell Membrane Chloroplast Mitochondria Square Shape Eukaryotic Round shape, Cell wall, Chloroplast, Nucleus, Cell membrane, Square shape, Mitochondria, Eukaryotic
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2. Diffusion and Osmosis:
Diffusion – movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. The red molecules are moving from HIGH to LOW concentrations across the membrane.
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2. Diffusion and Osmosis:
Osmosis – movement of WATER from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. In diffusion, we only care about what WATER molecules are doing!
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2. Diffusion and Osmosis:
Remember – water can move in or out of the cell freely and can change the volume of the cell depending on what type of solution you put it in.
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SAMPLE QUESTIONS - CELLS
1. When a sea urchin egg is removed from the ocean and placed in freshwater, the egg swells and bursts. Which of these causes water to enter the egg? A. Coagulation B. Sodium pump C. Active transport D. Osmosis WATER is the key!
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SAMPLE QUESTIONS - CELLS
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SAMPLE QUESTIONS - CELLS
3. Cells that need a lot of energy (to do a lot of work) need MORE mitochondria than most cells.
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SAMPLE QUESTIONS - CELLS
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SAMPLE QUESTIONS - CELLS
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SAMPLE QUESTIONS - CELLS
6. Generating heat requires energy!
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Activities Cell Structure African Food Web
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# 3 - Genetics
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1. Biochemistry Biochemistry – The sequence of DNA bases give you your traits.
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DNA Replication A T C G DNA Bases: A – Adenine T – Thymine
C – Cytosine G - Guanine DNA bases that pair together: _____ & _____ and _____ & _____ A T C G
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DNA Replication DNA Replication: DNA makes a copy of itself for mitosis. During replication, if the DNA template strand is: A T G G T C A A T G G C T T A then the complementary DNA strand would be: __________________________ T A C C A G T T A C C G A A T
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Protein Synthesis: Translation & Transcription
Making a protein STEP #1: Transcription: the DNA code is copied by the mRNA, which brings it from the nucleus to cytoplasm.
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Translation & Transcription
RNA Bases: A – Adenine U – Uracil C – Cytosine G - Guanine RNA bases that pair together: _____ & _____ and _____ & _____ A U C G
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Translation During transcription, if the DNA template strand is: A T G G T C A A T G G C T T A then the complementary RNA strand would be: _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ U A C C A G U U A C C G A A U
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Protein Synthesis: Translation & Transcription
Making a protein STEP #2: Translation: with help from ribosome, the tRNA uses the mRNA sequence to assemble the amino acids in the correct order to make the proteins, as originally directed by the DNA.
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Translation U A C C A G U U A C C G A A U Tyr Gln Leu Pro Asn
The mRNA strand made during transcription was : _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ So, during Translation, the tRNA and the ribosome would assemble the following strand of amino acids: (use the codon chart) _____ , ____ , ____ , ____ , _____ U A C C A G U U A C C G A A U Tyr Gln Leu Pro Asn
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2. Mutations Mutation – a change in the DNA sequence of a gene.
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2. Mutations Mutations that show up on gametes can be passed to offspring.
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2. Mutations Mutations in body cells affect only the individual organisms and will NOT be passed on to offspring. Mutations of skin cells by the sun are not passed on
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2. Mutations Do not always have serious effects on organisms.
Remember – mutations can be the source for evolution
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Tt Tt tt tt 3. Punnett Squares
Punnett Squares – used to predict the chances that offspring will inherit an allele for a trait. Try this one… Tt Tt tt tt
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3. Punnett Squares Genetic terms
Homozygous – alleles are the _________, also known as _________. Ex. FF, ff Heterozygous – alleles are ____________, also known as _______. Ex. Ff same purebred different hybrid
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3. Punnett Squares Genetic terms Phenotype – “Physical” _____________.
Genotype – Genetic _______________, represented by letters. appearance Make-up
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TT Tt Tt tt 3. Punnett Squares T t T t TT 25 tt 25 Tt 50
Fill in the Punnett square and answer the following questions: What is the probability of having a child that is homozygous dominant for this trait (alleles: ______ )? ______% What is the probability of having a child that is homozygous recessive for this trait (alleles: ______ )? ______% What is the probability of having a child that is heterozygous for the trait (alleles: ______)? ______% T t TT Tt TT 25 Tt tt tt 25 Tt 50
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4. Karyotypes Karyotypes – used to show genetic mutations on a chromosome number. A normal human karyotype has 23 pairs of chromosomes. Normal Karyotype A
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#21 #23 4. Karyotypes What chromosome # has the mistake?
Abnormal Karyotypes B C What chromosome # has the mistake? B = _______ C = _______ #21 #23
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Down’s Syndrome 4. Karyotypes
Abnormal Karyotypes A B What genetic disorder is represented on Karyotype B? _____________________ Down’s Syndrome
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SAMPLE QUESTIONS - GENETICS
1. A T T A C G G C 5-carbon sugar
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SAMPLE QUESTIONS - GENETICS
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SAMPLE QUESTIONS - GENETICS
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SAMPLE QUESTIONS - GENETICS
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SAMPLE QUESTIONS - GENETICS
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SAMPLE QUESTIONS - GENETICS
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SAMPLE QUESTIONS - GENETICS
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SAMPLE QUESTIONS - GENETICS
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SAMPLE QUESTIONS - GENETICS
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# 4 - Evolution
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Evolution Evolution – change in an organism over time due to its specific need for adaptation.
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Evolution Adaptation –a structure, behavior, or internal process that gives an organism a better chance for survival in its environment. REMEMBER – Organisms that are best adapted are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing on their genes to offspring
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Evolution Camouflage – an adaptation that allows species to blend in with their surroundings.
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SAMPLE QUESTIONS - EVOLUTION
1. Because of this animal’s adaptations, it would be most successful at A Competing with birds B. Making it own food C. Hiding from predators D Running very rapidly
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SAMPLE QUESTIONS - EVOLUTION
2. The table shows an amino acid comparison of Cytochrome C, a protein involved in cellular respiration in aerobic organisms. The two organisms in the table that are least genetically related are the –
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SAMPLE QUESTIONS - EVOLUTION
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SAMPLE QUESTIONS - EVOLUTION
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SAMPLE QUESTIONS - EVOLUTION
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Activity DNA
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# 5 - Taxonomy
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1. Taxonomy Taxonomy – classification of living things. Organisms are placed in groups based on similar characteristics.
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Levels of Classification
The 7 levels of classification: Kingdom Broad Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Specific
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Levels of Classification
Broad Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Specific Species Write out your own mnemonic device to remember the levels of organization of life: King Phillip Came Over For Good Spaghetti
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Scientific Names Scientific Names – Made up of the Genus and species name. Ex. Homo sapiens or Homo sapiens First word is capitalized and second word is lower case Both words are underlined or italicized
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Important differences in living things
Characteristic Term Cell Type _____________________ Smaller, simple cell; no true nucleus _______________________ Larger, more complex cell; has a true nucleus and other organelles Complexity Made of one cell Made of more than one cell How they get nutrition Can make their own food Cannot make their own food Prokaryotic Eukaryotic Unicellular Multicellular Autotrophs Heterotrophs
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The 6 Kingdoms harmful 1. Archaebacteria “Extremists”
Most simple kingdoms Prokaryotic Unicellular Autotrophs and Heterotrophs How bacteria are helpful… Live in digestive system to aid in digestion. DECOMPOSERS! Cause Strep throat and food poisoning 2. Eubacteria “True Bacteria” harmful
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The 6 Kingdoms Cilia Flagella Pseudopod 3. Protists Eukaryotic
Unicellular and Multicellular Autotrophs and Heterotrophs Many live in ponds and other water sources Many contain structure to aid in movement __________ : short hair-like structures (ex - paramecium) __________ : long whip-like structure used for movement (ex - euglena) _____________ : extension of the cytoplasm (ex – amoeba) Cilia Flagella Pseudopod
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The 6 Kingdoms 4. Fungi Unicellular/Multicellular (mostly multicellular!) ONLY Eukaryotic. ONLY Heterotrophs. Sessile - cannot move from place to place Examples- Mushrooms, mildew, mold. How FUNGI are helpful… Decomposers break down dead organic material. Yeast are used to produce bread and alcoholic beverages.
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The 6 Kingdoms 5. Plants Eukaryotic ONLY Multicellular.
ONLY Autotrophs - can make their own food through Photosynthesis Sessile Reproduction Some plants produce Cones or Seeds. Seeds are used by many plants for reproduction Dispersal by wind, water, and animals 3 main parts of a plant Stem - transports nutrients throughout the plant. Leaf - traps the sunlight used for Photosynthesis contains stomata used for gas exchange. Root - absorbs nutrients from the soil
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The 6 Kingdoms 6. Animals Eukaryotic, ONLY Heterotrophic, ONLY Multicellular. Invertebrate - no backbone present Porifera - sponges Cnidaria - jellyfish, sea anemones Platyhelminthes - flatworms Nematoda- roundworms Mollusca - snails, octopus, clams Annelida - segmented worms Echinodermata- starfish Arthropoda – spiders, insects, crustaceans Vertebrate – backbone present Birds - dove, robin Reptiles- snake, lizard Amphibians- frogs, salamanders Fish - sharks, salmon, tuna Mammals - have fur, and includes dogs, cats, humans
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# 6 – Human Organ Systems
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Human Organ Systems Organ Systems – each has a specific job to carry out in order to live. Many times, systems work together to accomplish body functions.
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Human Organ Systems Digestive System Nervous System
__________________ - includes teeth, esophagus, small intestine, large intestine breaks down nutrients to be absorbed by the body ________________ - includes brain, spinal cord Sensory system Internal and External stimuli Digestive System Nervous System
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Human Organ Systems Endocrine System Circulatory System
___________________ works with the brain and reproductive organs to keep a study balance of HORMONES in your system ___________________- heart circulates blood throughout the body Endocrine System Circulatory System
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Human Organ Systems Integumentary System Muscular System
________________________ Skin, used to protect the body from getting foreign objects in the other systems ___________________________ moves the bones and is contain in most body systems (cardiac muscles) Integumentary System Muscular System
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Human Organ Systems Reproductive System Immune System
____________________________ Used to produce offspring Males and Females _________________ - lymph Helps to fight infections and foreign bodies that enter the body. Reproductive System Immune System
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Human Organ Systems Respiratory System Skeletal System
_____________________- lungs Used to breathe Inhale Oxygen and exhale Carbon Dioxide _________________ - bones Support system that contains all the bones Respiratory System Skeletal System
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Human Organ Systems Excretory System _____________________- kidneys
Waste products Excretory System
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SAMPLE QUESTIONS HUMAN BODY SYSTEMS
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SAMPLE QUESTIONS HUMAN BODY SYSTEMS
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SAMPLE QUESTIONS HUMAN BODY SYSTEMS
3. Because chewing begins the breakdown of food before it is swallowed, digestion starts in the mouth and throat. Which of the following systems aids most in this early stage of digestion? Immune System Excretory system Muscular System Respiratory System NOTE – THIS QUESTION DID NOT COPY PROPERLY. IT IS LOCATED AT THE TOP OF PAGE 15.
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SAMPLE QUESTIONS HUMAN BODY SYSTEMS
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SAMPLE QUESTIONS HUMAN BODY SYSTEMS
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SAMPLE TAKS QUESTIONS HUMAN BODY SYSTEMS
Research shows that levels of a certain protein are elevated in the blood of people with a bacterial infection. People with a viral infection show only trace amounts of the protein. The level of the protein can be determined in about an hour after a blood test. NOTE – THIS QUESTION DID NOT COPY PROPERLY. IT IS LOCATED AT THE BOTTOM OF PAGE 15. 6.
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SAMPLE QUESTIONS HUMAN BODY SYSTEMS
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SAMPLE QUESTIONS HUMAN BODY SYSTEMS
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Activities 6 Kingdoms Organ Systems
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# 7 – Plants
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#7 – Plants Plant Adaptations to their Environment
Stomata – pores in the epidermis, that allow gas exchange during photosynthesis.
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#7 – Plants Plant Adaptations to their Environment
Cuticle – protects leaf from drying out; found in areas where water loss is high. Waxy leaves have a thick cuticle.
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#7 – Plants Plant Adaptations to their Environment
Guard Cell – controls the opening and closing of stomata
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#7 – Plants Plant Adaptations to their Environment
Roots – support, anchor, absorption of water and minerals Leaves - primary photosynthetic organs of plants. Cacti leaves are modified as spines.
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SAMPLE QUESTIONS - PLANTS
NOTE – THIS QUESTION DID NOT COPY PROPERLY. IT IS LOCATED AT THE BOTTOM OF PAGE 16. 1. The box lists some characteristics of a plant that has adapted to conditions in its environment. To which type of environment is the plant best adapted?
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SAMPLE QUESTIONS - PLANTS
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SAMPLE QUESTIONS - PLANTS
3. This is the Stomata!
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SAMPLE QUESTIONS - PLANTS
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SAMPLE QUESTIONS - PLANTS
5. Remember that arid means dry so there will be more water loss, so the plant will have very small leaf blades. Larger leaf blades will lose a lot of water!
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SAMPLE QUESTIONS - PLANTS
6. Having waxy leaves is an adaptation for trying to conserve water in an arid environment!
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SAMPLE QUESTIONS - PLANTS
7. This is the Cuticle! The thicker (more waxy) the cuticle, the more a plant is adapted to conserve water!
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# 8 – Viruses and Bacteria
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#8 – Viruses and Bacteria
1. Viruses – Not living so they don’t fit into a kingdom! Non-living Must have host cell to replicate. HIV and many STDs are viruses HIV affects the T- cells in your body 2 main parts Capsid- protein coat Nucleic Acid- DNA or RNA
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#8 – Viruses and Bacteria
Diseases caused by VIRUSES HIV Common Cold Warts Influenza Small Pox
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#8 – Viruses and Bacteria
2. Bacteria – important characteristics Prokaryotic 3 Shapes Beneficial and Harmful Bacillus, Coccus, Spirillium
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#8 – Viruses and Bacteria
Beneficial Bacteria E. coli – source of Vitamin K, helps in digestion. Lactobacillus – helps in Digestion of milk and dairy products.
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#8 – Viruses and Bacteria
Harmful Bacteria – diseases they cause 1. Tooth Decay 2. Tuberculosis 3. Cholera
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SAMPLE QUESTIONS VIRUSES & BACTERIA
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SAMPLE QUESTIONS VIRUSES & BACTERIA
2. Remember, Nucleic Acid = DNA or RNA
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SAMPLE QUESTIONS VIRUSES & BACTERIA
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SAMPLE QUESTIONS VIRUSES & BACTERIA
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SAMPLE QUESTIONS VIRUSES & BACTERIA
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SAMPLE QUESTIONS VIRUSES & BACTERIA
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Activity Viruses and Bacteria Biology Review QUIZ
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Good Luck on your Biology STAAR Test!
THE END! Good Luck on your Biology STAAR Test!
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