1. BIOLOGY
STAAR REVIEW

2. # 1 - Ecology

3. The Producers: Autotrophs
An autotroph or producer is an organism that uses energy from light (sun) or other chemicals to produce its own food (ex – Glucose).

4. The Producers: Autotrophs
Examples: trees, grasses, shrubs, aquatic plants, etc.

5. The Producers: Autotrophs
Many organisms on the planet rely on autotrophs for nutrients and energy.

6. The Consumers: Heterotrophs
 Heterotrophs (consumers) - cannot produce their own food. They must obtain nutrients by eating other organisms.
Examples: Tigers, Birds, Fish, Insects, etc.

7. 1. Food Chain & Food Web Practice
Producers 1. 2.
Primary Consumer
(1st order) 3. 4.
Secondary Consumers
(2nd order)
Tertiary
(3rd order)
What is not shown in this food web?

8. 1. Food Chain & Food Web Practice
Producers
1. Plant 1
2. Plant 2
Primary Consumer
(1st order) 1. 2. 3. 4.
Secondary Consumers
(2nd order)
Tertiary
(3rd order)
What is not shown in this food web?

9. 1. Food Chain & Food Web Practice
Producers
1. Plant 1
2. Plant 2
Primary Consumer
(1st order)
1. Mouse
2. Grasshopper
3. Rabbit
4. Squirrel
Secondary Consumers
(2nd order) 1. 2. 3. 4.
Tertiary
(3rd order)
What is not shown in this food web?

10. 1. Food Chain & Food Web Practice
Producers
1. Plant 1
2. Plant 2
Primary Consumer
(1st order) 1°
1. Mouse
2. Grasshopper
3. Rabbit
4. Squirrel
Secondary Consumers
(2nd order) 2°
1. Mouse ***
2. Fox
3. Frog
4. Snake
Tertiary
(3rd order) 3°
What is not shown in this food web?

11. 1. Food Chain & Food Web Practice
Producers
1. Plant 1
2. Plant 2
Primary Consumer
(1st order)
1. Mouse
2. Grasshopper
3. Rabbit
4. Squirrel
Secondary Consumers
(2nd order)
2. Fox
3. Frog
4. Snake
Tertiary
(3rd order)
Owl, Fox,Snake
What is not shown in this food web?

12. 1. Food Chain & Food Web Practice
Producers
1. Plant 1
2. Plant 2
Primary Consumer
(1st order)
1. Mouse
2. Grasshopper
3. Rabbit
4. Squirrel
Secondary Consumers
(2nd order)
2. Fox
3. Frog
4. Snake
Tertiary
(3rd order)
Owl
What is not shown in this food web?
The Sun - our energy
source, & Decomposers

13. 2. Biological Pyramids
Biological Pyramids – As you go UP the food chain, the number of organisms, amount of energy and mass decrease.

14. 2. Biological Pyramids

15. 2. Biological Pyramids For Example:
The grass = 100% energy. Grasshopper = 10% energy of the grass. Frog = 10% energy of the grasshopper.
As food chain goes to each level, the energy level decreases.
90% is given off through heat and activity. Only 10% of energy is passed on.

16. 3. Symbiosis
Symbiosis – The relationship in which there is a close and permanent association between organisms of different species.

17. 3. Symbiosis A symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit.
3 Types of Symbiosis:
Definition
Example
Mutualism
+/+
A symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit.
A flower and a bee
The flower gets pollinated and bee gets food.

18. 3. Symbiosis
3 Types of Symbiosis:
Definition
Example
Commensalism
+/0
A symbiotic relationship in which one species benefits and the other species is neither harmed nor benefits.
Barnacles on whales
Barnacles are carried to different areas to reproduce and whales are not affected.

19. 3. Symbiosis
3 Types of Symbiosis:
Definition
Example
Parasitism
+/-
A symbiotic relationship in which a member of one species benefits and the other species is harmed.
Tapeworm in a human
The tapeworm lives in the intestines and takes nutrients from the human.

20. Predator/Prey Relationships:
 A relationship that involves one organism capturing and eating another organism.
_________ - “Hunter”
_________ - “Hunted”

21. Predator/Prey Relationships:
 A relationship that involves one organism capturing and eating another organism.
Predator - “Hunter”
Prey - “Hunted”

22. SAMPLE QUESTIONS - ECOLOGY1

23. SAMPLE QUESTIONS - ECOLOGY1
B. Because Peccaries
are Omnivores

24. SAMPLE QUESTIONS - ECOLOGY
2. Energy used by producers in a
Grassland food web is provided by:
A. Sunlight
B. Photosynthesis
C. Oxygen
D. Carbon Dioxide

25. SAMPLE QUESTIONS - ECOLOGY3

26. SAMPLE QUESTIONS - ECOLOGY
Plants  Aphids  Spiders  Sparrows
4. In the food chain above, the spiders are:
A. Producers
B. Primary Consumers
C. Competitors
D. Secondary consumers

27. SAMPLE QUESTIONS - ECOLOGY5.

28. SAMPLE QUESTIONS - ECOLOGY6.

29. SAMPLE QUESTIONS - ECOLOGY7.

30. # 2 - Cells

31. Cells
Remember:
Animal cell = round shape
And NO cell wall!

32. Cells Remember: Plant cell = square or rectangle shape
And has a cell wall!

33. 1. Important Organelles:
Nucleus – site of DNA, control center, contains blueprints for life

34. 1. Important Organelles:
Mitochondria – ENERGY – “powerhouse” of the cell

35. 1. Important Organelles:
Plasma Membrane (a.k.a. - cell membrane) – Outer protective layer that allows water and small molecules to move in and out of the cell.

36. 1. Important Organelles:
Ribosome – site of protein synthesis.
**Remember – the directions for what proteins will be made is in the DNA

37. 1. Important Organelles:
Chloroplast – site of photosynthesis (autotrophs only)

38. 1. Important Organelles:
Lysosome - “Lysol”, the cleaner, recycler the garbage man.
Not seen as an answer, but used as a distracter in the answer choices.

39. Directions: Use the words on the left to fill in the Venn Diagram
ANIMAL CELL
PLANT CELL
Round shape
Nucleus
Cell Wall
Cell Membrane
Chloroplast
Mitochondria
Square Shape
Eukaryotic
Round shape, Cell wall, Chloroplast, Nucleus, Cell membrane, Square shape, Mitochondria, Eukaryotic

40. 2. Diffusion and Osmosis:
Diffusion – movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
The red molecules are moving from HIGH to LOW concentrations across the membrane.

41. 2. Diffusion and Osmosis:
Osmosis – movement of WATER from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
In diffusion, we only care about what WATER molecules are doing!

42. 2. Diffusion and Osmosis:
Remember – water can move in or out of the cell freely and can change the volume of the cell depending on what type of solution you put it in.

43. SAMPLE QUESTIONS - CELLS
1. When a sea urchin egg is removed
from the ocean and placed in
freshwater, the egg swells and bursts.
Which of these causes water to enter
the egg?
A. Coagulation
B. Sodium pump
C. Active transport
D. Osmosis
WATER is the key!

44. SAMPLE QUESTIONS - CELLS2.

45. SAMPLE QUESTIONS - CELLS3.
Cells that need a lot of energy (to do a lot of work) need MORE mitochondria than most cells.

46. SAMPLE QUESTIONS - CELLS4.

47. SAMPLE QUESTIONS - CELLS5.

48. SAMPLE QUESTIONS - CELLS6.
Generating heat requires energy!

49. Activities
Cell Structure
African Food Web

50. # 3 - Genetics

51. 1. Biochemistry
Biochemistry –  The sequence of DNA bases give you your traits.

52. DNA Replication A T C G DNA Bases: A – Adenine T – Thymine
C – Cytosine
G - Guanine
DNA bases that pair together: _____ & _____
and _____ & _____
A T
C G

53. DNA Replication
DNA Replication: DNA makes a copy of itself for mitosis.
During replication, if the DNA template strand is: A T G G T C A A T G G C T T A
then the complementary DNA strand would be: __________________________
T A C C A G T T A C C G A A T

54. Protein Synthesis: Translation & Transcription
Making a protein STEP #1: Transcription: the DNA code is copied by the mRNA, which brings it from the nucleus to cytoplasm.

55. Translation & Transcription
RNA Bases:
A – Adenine
U – Uracil
C – Cytosine
G - Guanine
RNA bases that pair together: _____ & _____
and _____ & _____
A U
C G

56. Translation
During transcription, if the DNA template strand is: A T G G T C A A T G G C T T A then the complementary RNA strand would be: _____ _____ _____ _____ _____
U A C C A G U U A C C G A A U

57. Protein Synthesis: Translation & Transcription
Making a protein STEP #2:
Translation: with help from ribosome, the tRNA uses the mRNA sequence to assemble the amino acids in the correct order to make the proteins, as originally directed by the DNA.

58. Translation U A C C A G U U A C C G A A U Tyr Gln Leu Pro Asn
The mRNA strand made during transcription was : _____ _____ _____ _____ _____
So, during Translation, the tRNA and the ribosome would assemble the following strand of amino acids: (use the codon chart)
_____ , ____ , ____ , ____ , _____
U A C C A G U U A C C G A A U
Tyr
Gln Leu Pro Asn

59. 2. Mutations
Mutation – a change in the DNA sequence of a gene.

60. 2. Mutations
Mutations that show up on gametes can be passed to offspring.

61. 2. Mutations
Mutations in body cells affect only the individual organisms and will NOT be passed on to offspring.
Mutations of skin cells by the sun are not passed on

62. 2. Mutations Do not always have serious effects on organisms.
Remember – mutations can be the source for evolution

63. Tt Tt tt tt 3. Punnett Squares
Punnett Squares – used to predict the chances that offspring will inherit an allele for a trait.
Try this one… Tt Tt tt tt

64. 3. Punnett Squares Genetic terms
Homozygous – alleles are the _________, also known as _________. Ex. FF, ff
Heterozygous – alleles are ____________, also known as _______. Ex. Ff
same
purebred
different
hybrid

65. 3. Punnett Squares Genetic terms Phenotype – “Physical” _____________.
Genotype – Genetic _______________, represented by letters.
appearance
Make-up

66. TT Tt Tt tt 3. Punnett Squares T t T t TT 25 tt 25 Tt 50
Fill in the Punnett square and answer the following questions:
What is the probability of having a child that is homozygous dominant for this trait (alleles: ______ )? ______%
What is the probability of having a child that is homozygous recessive for this trait (alleles: ______ )? ______%
What is the probability of having a child that is heterozygous for the trait (alleles: ______)? ______% T t TT Tt TT 25 Tt tt tt 25 Tt 50

67. 4. Karyotypes
Karyotypes – used to show genetic mutations on a chromosome number. A normal human karyotype has 23 pairs of chromosomes.
Normal Karyotype A

68. #21 #23 4. Karyotypes What chromosome # has the mistake?
Abnormal Karyotypes
B C
What chromosome # has the mistake?
B = _______ C = _______
#21
#23

69. Down’s Syndrome 4. Karyotypes
Abnormal Karyotypes
A B
What genetic disorder is represented on Karyotype B? _____________________
Down’s Syndrome

70. SAMPLE QUESTIONS - GENETICS1.
A T
T A
C G
G C
5-carbon sugar

71. SAMPLE QUESTIONS - GENETICS2.

72. SAMPLE QUESTIONS - GENETICS3.

73. SAMPLE QUESTIONS - GENETICS4.

74. SAMPLE QUESTIONS - GENETICS5.

75. SAMPLE QUESTIONS - GENETICS6.

76. SAMPLE QUESTIONS - GENETICS7.

77. SAMPLE QUESTIONS - GENETICS8.

78. SAMPLE QUESTIONS - GENETICS9.

79. SAMPLE QUESTIONS - GENETICS
10.

80. SAMPLE QUESTIONS - GENETICS
11.

81. SAMPLE QUESTIONS - GENETICS
12.

82. SAMPLE QUESTIONS - GENETICS
13.

83. # 4 - Evolution

84. Evolution
Evolution – change in an organism over time due to its specific need for adaptation.

85. Evolution
Adaptation –a structure, behavior, or internal process that gives an organism a better chance for survival in its environment.
REMEMBER –
Organisms that are best adapted are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing on their genes to offspring

86. Evolution
Camouflage – an adaptation that allows species to blend in with their surroundings.

87. SAMPLE QUESTIONS - EVOLUTION
1. Because of this animal’s adaptations, it would be most successful at
A Competing with birds
B. Making it own food
C. Hiding from predators
D Running very rapidly

88. SAMPLE QUESTIONS - EVOLUTION
2. The table shows an amino acid comparison of Cytochrome C, a protein involved in cellular respiration in aerobic organisms. The two organisms in the table that are least genetically related are the –

89. SAMPLE QUESTIONS - EVOLUTION3.

90. SAMPLE QUESTIONS - EVOLUTION4.

91. SAMPLE QUESTIONS - EVOLUTION5.

92. Activity
DNA

93. # 5 - Taxonomy

94. 1. Taxonomy
Taxonomy – classification of living things. Organisms are placed in groups based on similar characteristics.

95. Levels of Classification
The 7 levels of classification:
Kingdom
Broad
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Specific

96. Levels of Classification
Broad
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Specific
Species
Write out your own mnemonic device to remember the levels of organization of life:
King Phillip Came Over For Good Spaghetti

97. Scientific Names
Scientific Names – Made up of the Genus and species name.
Ex. Homo sapiens or Homo sapiens
First word is capitalized and second word is lower case
Both words are underlined or italicized

98. Important differences in living things
Characteristic
Term
Cell Type
_____________________
Smaller, simple cell;
no true nucleus
_______________________
Larger, more complex cell; has a true nucleus and other organelles
Complexity
Made of one cell
Made of more than one cell
How they get nutrition
Can make their own food
Cannot make their own food
Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic
Unicellular
Multicellular
Autotrophs
Heterotrophs

99. The 6 Kingdoms harmful 1. Archaebacteria “Extremists”
Most simple kingdoms
Prokaryotic
Unicellular
Autotrophs and Heterotrophs
How bacteria are helpful…
Live in digestive system to aid in digestion.
DECOMPOSERS!
Cause Strep throat and food poisoning
2. Eubacteria
“True Bacteria”
harmful

100. The 6 Kingdoms Cilia Flagella Pseudopod 3. Protists Eukaryotic
Unicellular and Multicellular
Autotrophs and Heterotrophs
Many live in ponds and other water sources
Many contain structure to aid in movement
__________ : short hair-like structures
(ex - paramecium)
__________ : long whip-like structure used for
movement
(ex - euglena)
_____________ : extension of the cytoplasm
(ex – amoeba)
Cilia
Flagella
Pseudopod

101. The 6 Kingdoms
4. Fungi
Unicellular/Multicellular (mostly multicellular!)
ONLY Eukaryotic.
ONLY Heterotrophs.
Sessile - cannot move from place to place
Examples- Mushrooms, mildew, mold.
How FUNGI are helpful…
Decomposers break down dead organic material.
Yeast are used to produce bread and alcoholic beverages.

102. The 6 Kingdoms 5. Plants Eukaryotic ONLY Multicellular.
ONLY Autotrophs - can make their own food through Photosynthesis
Sessile
Reproduction
Some plants produce Cones or Seeds.
Seeds are used by many plants for reproduction
Dispersal by wind, water, and animals
3 main parts of a plant
Stem - transports nutrients throughout the plant.
Leaf - traps the sunlight used for Photosynthesis
contains stomata used for gas exchange.
Root - absorbs
nutrients from
the soil

103. The 6 Kingdoms
6. Animals
Eukaryotic, ONLY Heterotrophic, ONLY Multicellular.
Invertebrate - no backbone present
Porifera - sponges
Cnidaria - jellyfish, sea anemones
Platyhelminthes - flatworms
Nematoda- roundworms
Mollusca - snails, octopus, clams
Annelida - segmented worms
Echinodermata- starfish
Arthropoda – spiders, insects, crustaceans
Vertebrate – backbone present
Birds - dove, robin
Reptiles- snake, lizard
Amphibians- frogs, salamanders
Fish - sharks, salmon, tuna
Mammals - have fur, and includes dogs, cats, humans

104. # 6 – Human Organ Systems

105. Human Organ Systems
Organ Systems – each has a specific job to carry out in order to live. Many times, systems work together to accomplish body functions.

106. Human Organ Systems Digestive System Nervous System
__________________ - includes teeth, esophagus, small intestine, large intestine
breaks down nutrients to be absorbed by the body
________________ - includes brain, spinal cord
Sensory system
Internal and External stimuli
Digestive System
Nervous System

107. Human Organ Systems Endocrine System Circulatory System
___________________
works with the brain and reproductive organs to keep a study balance of HORMONES in your system
___________________- heart
circulates blood throughout the body
Endocrine System
Circulatory System

108. Human Organ Systems Integumentary System Muscular System
________________________
Skin, used to protect the body from getting foreign objects in the other systems
___________________________
moves the bones and is contain in most body systems (cardiac muscles)
Integumentary System
Muscular System

109. Human Organ Systems Reproductive System Immune System
____________________________
Used to produce offspring
Males and Females
_________________ - lymph
Helps to fight infections and foreign bodies that enter the body.
Reproductive System
Immune System

110. Human Organ Systems Respiratory System Skeletal System
_____________________- lungs
Used to breathe
Inhale Oxygen and exhale Carbon Dioxide
_________________ - bones
Support system that contains all the bones
Respiratory System
Skeletal System

111. Human Organ Systems Excretory System _____________________- kidneys
Waste products
Excretory System

112. SAMPLE QUESTIONS HUMAN BODY SYSTEMS1.

113. SAMPLE QUESTIONS HUMAN BODY SYSTEMS2.

114. SAMPLE QUESTIONS HUMAN BODY SYSTEMS3.
Because chewing begins the breakdown of food before it is swallowed, digestion starts in the mouth and throat. Which of the following systems aids most in this early stage of digestion?
Immune System
Excretory system
Muscular System
Respiratory System
NOTE – THIS QUESTION DID NOT COPY PROPERLY. IT IS LOCATED AT THE TOP OF PAGE 15.

115. SAMPLE QUESTIONS HUMAN BODY SYSTEMS4.

116. SAMPLE QUESTIONS HUMAN BODY SYSTEMS5

117. SAMPLE TAKS QUESTIONS HUMAN BODY SYSTEMS
Research shows that levels of a certain protein are elevated in the blood of people with a bacterial infection. People with a viral infection show only trace amounts of the protein. The level of the protein can be determined in about an hour after a blood test.
NOTE – THIS QUESTION DID NOT COPY PROPERLY. IT IS LOCATED AT THE BOTTOM OF PAGE 15. 6.

118. SAMPLE QUESTIONS HUMAN BODY SYSTEMS7.

119. SAMPLE QUESTIONS HUMAN BODY SYSTEMS8.

120. Activities
6 Kingdoms
Organ Systems

121. # 7 – Plants

122. #7 – Plants Plant Adaptations to their Environment
Stomata – pores in the epidermis, that allow gas exchange during photosynthesis.

123. #7 – Plants Plant Adaptations to their Environment
Cuticle – protects leaf from drying out; found in areas where water loss is high. Waxy leaves have a thick cuticle.

124. #7 – Plants Plant Adaptations to their Environment
Guard Cell – controls the opening and closing of stomata

125. #7 – Plants Plant Adaptations to their Environment
Roots – support, anchor, absorption of water and minerals
Leaves - primary photosynthetic
organs of plants. Cacti leaves are
modified as spines.

126. SAMPLE QUESTIONS - PLANTS
NOTE – THIS QUESTION DID NOT COPY PROPERLY. IT IS LOCATED AT THE BOTTOM OF PAGE 16. 1.
The box lists some characteristics of a plant that has adapted to conditions in its environment. To which type of environment is the plant best adapted?

127. SAMPLE QUESTIONS - PLANTS2.

128. SAMPLE QUESTIONS - PLANTS3.
This is the Stomata!

129. SAMPLE QUESTIONS - PLANTS4.

130. SAMPLE QUESTIONS - PLANTS5.
Remember that arid means dry so there will be more water loss, so the plant will have very small leaf blades. Larger leaf blades will lose a lot of water!

131. SAMPLE QUESTIONS - PLANTS6.
Having waxy leaves is an adaptation for trying to conserve water in an arid environment!

132. SAMPLE QUESTIONS - PLANTS7.
This is the Cuticle!
The thicker (more waxy) the cuticle, the more a plant is adapted to conserve water!

133. # 8 – Viruses and Bacteria

134. #8 – Viruses and Bacteria
1. Viruses – Not living so they don’t fit into a kingdom!
Non-living
Must have host cell to replicate.
HIV and many STDs are viruses
HIV affects the T- cells in your body
2 main parts
Capsid- protein coat
Nucleic Acid- DNA or RNA

135. #8 – Viruses and Bacteria
Diseases caused by VIRUSES
HIV
Common Cold
Warts
Influenza
Small Pox

136. #8 – Viruses and Bacteria
2. Bacteria – important characteristics
Prokaryotic
3 Shapes
Beneficial and Harmful
Bacillus, Coccus, Spirillium

137. #8 – Viruses and Bacteria
Beneficial Bacteria
E. coli – source of Vitamin K, helps in digestion.
Lactobacillus – helps in Digestion of milk and dairy products.

138. #8 – Viruses and Bacteria
Harmful Bacteria – diseases they cause 1. Tooth Decay 2. Tuberculosis 3. Cholera

139. SAMPLE QUESTIONS VIRUSES & BACTERIA1.

140. SAMPLE QUESTIONS VIRUSES & BACTERIA2.
Remember, Nucleic Acid = DNA or RNA

141. SAMPLE QUESTIONS VIRUSES & BACTERIA3.

142. SAMPLE QUESTIONS VIRUSES & BACTERIA4.

143. SAMPLE QUESTIONS VIRUSES & BACTERIA5.

144. SAMPLE QUESTIONS VIRUSES & BACTERIA6.

145. Activity
Viruses and Bacteria
Biology Review QUIZ

146. Good Luck on your Biology STAAR Test!
THE END!
Good Luck on your Biology STAAR Test!