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2. Standardized Test Prep Image and Math Focus Bank
Resources
Chapter Presentation
Bellringers
Transparencies
Standardized Test Prep
Image and Math Focus Bank
CNN Videos
Visual Concepts

3. Chapter 9 Table of Contents Section 1 What Is Energy?
Energy and Energy Resources
Table of Contents
Section 1 What Is Energy?
Section 2 Energy Conversions
Section 3 Conservation of Energy
Section 4 Energy Resources

4. Chapter 9 Bellringer Finish the following sentence:
Section 1 What Is Energy?
Bellringer
Finish the following sentence:
“Energy is the ability to ____.”
Write your completed sentence in your science journal. People often use the words energy and power synonymously, but they have specific meanings. What is the distinction between energy and power?

5. Chapter 9 Objectives Explain the relationship between energy and work.
Section 1 What Is Energy?
Objectives
Explain the relationship between energy and work.
Compare kinetic energy and potential energy.
Describe the different forms of energy.

6. Energy and Work: Working Together
Chapter 9
Section 1 What Is Energy?
Energy and Work: Working Together
Energy is the ability to do work.
Work is done when a force causes an object to move in the direction of the force. Work is a transfer of energy.
Energy and work are expressed in units of joules (J).

7. Chapter 9
Section 1 What Is Energy?

8. Chapter 9 Kinetic Energy
Section 1 What Is Energy?
Kinetic Energy
Kinetic energy is the energy of motion. All moving objects have kinetic energy.
Kinetic Energy Depends on Mass and Speed If you know an object’s mass (m) and its speed (v), you can calculate the object’s kinetic energy with the following equation: k i n e t c r g y = m v 2

9. Chapter 9 Kinetic Energy Section 1 What Is Energy?
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
You may stop the video at any time by pressing the Esc key.
Visual Concept

10. Chapter 9
Section 1 What Is Energy?

11. Chapter 9 Potential Energy
Section 1 What Is Energy?
Potential Energy
Potential energy is the energy an object has because of its position.
Gravitational Potential Energy The amount of gravitational potential energy that an object has depends on its weight and its height.

12. gravitational potential energy  weight  height
Chapter 9
Section 1 What Is Energy?
Potential Energy, continued
Calculating Gravitational Potential Energy The equation to find gravitational potential energy is:
gravitational potential energy  weight  height
Gravitational potential energy is equal to the amount of work done on an object to lift it a certain height.

13. Chapter 9
Section 1 What Is Energy?

14. Potential Energy, continued
Chapter 9
Section 1 What Is Energy?
Potential Energy, continued
Height Above What? When you find out an object’s gravitational potential energy, the “ground” that you measure the object’s height from depends on where it is.
The height you use in calculating gravitational potential energy is a measure of how far an object has to fall.

15. mechanical energy  potential energy  kinetic energy
Chapter 9
Section 1 What Is Energy?
Mechanical Energy
Mechanical energy is the total energy of motion and position of an object. Both kinetic energy and potential energy are kinds of mechanical energy.
The equation to find mechanical energy is:
mechanical energy  potential energy  kinetic energy

16. Mechanical Energy, continued
Chapter 9
Section 1 What Is Energy?
Mechanical Energy, continued
The mechanical energy of an object remains the same unless it transfers some energy to another object.
But even if the mechanical energy of an object stays the same, the potential energy or kinetic energy can increase or decrease.

17. Chapter 9 Other Forms of Energy
Section 1 What Is Energy?
Other Forms of Energy
Thermal Energy is all of the kinetic energy due to random motion of the particles that make up an object.
All matter is made up of particles that are always in random motion. So, all matter has thermal energy.
Thermal energy increases as temperature increases and increases as the number of particles increases.

18. Chapter 9
Section 1 What Is Energy?

19. Other Forms of Energy, continued
Chapter 9
Section 1 What Is Energy?
Other Forms of Energy, continued
Chemical Energy is the energy of a chemical compound that changes as its atoms are rearranged.
Chemical energy is a form of potential energy because it depends on the position and arrangement of the atoms in a compound.
The energy in food is chemical energy.

20. Other Forms of Energy, continued
Chapter 9
Section 1 What Is Energy?
Other Forms of Energy, continued
Electrical Energy is the energy of moving electrons. Electrical energy can be thought of as potential energy that is used when you plug in an electrical appliance and use it.
Sound Energy is caused by an object’s vibrations. The object’s vibrations transmit some kinetic energy to the air particles, which also vibrate. These vibrations transmit sound energy.

21. Other Forms of Energy, continued
Chapter 9
Section 1 What Is Energy?
Other Forms of Energy, continued
Light Energy is produced by the vibrations of electrically charged particles.
Nuclear Energy is energy that comes from changes in the nucleus of an atom. Nuclear energy can be produced when nuclei are joined in a fusion reaction or when a nucleus is split apart in a fission reaction.

22. Chapter 9
Section 2 Energy Conversions
Bellringer
What do the following a plant, a Bunsen burner, and a pendulum have in common? What are three other objects that have same common link?
Write your answers in your science journal.

23. Chapter 9 Objectives Describe an energy conversion.
Section 2 Energy Conversions
Objectives
Describe an energy conversion.
Give examples of energy conversions for the different forms of energy.
Explain how energy conversions make energy useful.
Explain the role of machines in energy conversions.

24. Kinetic Energy and Potential Energy
Chapter 9
Section 2 Energy Conversions
Kinetic Energy and Potential Energy
An energy conversion is a change from one form of energy to another. Any form of energy can change into any other form of energy.
As the skateboarder on the next slide travels up and down the half-pipe, his energy changes back and forth between kinetic energy and potential energy.

25. Chapter 9
Section 2 Energy Conversions

26. Kinetic Energy and Potential Energy, continued
Chapter 9
Section 2 Energy Conversions
Kinetic Energy and Potential Energy, continued
Elastic Potential Energy Stretching a rubber band stores elastic potential energy in the rubber band.
When you let the rubber band go, it goes back to its original shape. It releases its stored-up potential energy as it does so.

27. Conversions Involving Chemical Energy
Chapter 9
Section 2 Energy Conversions
Conversions Involving Chemical Energy
Chemical energy is stored in the food you eat. Your body uses this chemical energy to function.
Energy Conversion in Plants The chemical energy in the food you eat comes from the sun’s energy. Plants use photosynthesis to convert light energy into chemical energy, as shown on the next slide.

28. Chapter 9
Section 2 Energy Conversions

29. Conversions Involving Chemical Energy, continued
Chapter 9
Section 2 Energy Conversions
Conversions Involving Chemical Energy, continued
The Process Continues Plants change light energy into chemical energy. The chemical energy in the food you eat is changed into another kind of chemical energy that your body can use.
Your body then uses that energy to give you kinetic energy that you use in everything you do.

30. Why Energy Conversions Are Important
Chapter 9
Section 2 Energy Conversions
Why Energy Conversions Are Important
Energy conversions are needed for everything we do. Heating our homes, getting energy from a meal, and many other things use energy conversions.
Machines, such as a hair dryer, help harness energy and make that energy work for you.

31. Why Energy Conversions Are Important, continued
Chapter 9
Section 2 Energy Conversions
Why Energy Conversions Are Important, continued
Conversions Involving Electrical Energy Some common energy conversions that involve electrical energy are shown in the table below.
Alarm clock
electrical energy  light and sound energy
Battery
chemical energy  electrical energy
Light bulb
electrical energy  light and thermal energy
Blender
electrical energy  kinetic and sound energy

32. Chapter 9 Energy and Machines
Section 2 Energy Conversions
Energy and Machines
A machine can make work easier by changing the size or direction (or both) of the force needed to do the work. Some machines allow you to use less force over a greater distance to do the same amount of work.
Machines as Energy Converters Some machines help you use energy by converting it into the form of energy that you need.

33. Chapter 9
Section 2 Energy Conversions

34. Chapter 9 Bellringer Answer the following questions:
Section 3 Conservation of Energy
Bellringer
Answer the following questions:
Where does the energy that makes a roller coaster car move come from? Where does the energy go?
What does “All of the energy put into a process still exists somewhere when the process has ended” mean?
Write your answers in your science journal.

35. Chapter 9
Section 3 Conservation of Energy
Objectives
Explain how energy is conserved within a closed system.
Explain the law of conservation of energy.
Give examples of how thermal energy is always a result of energy conversion.
Explain why perpetual motion is impossible.

36. Where Does the Energy Go?
Chapter 9
Section 3 Conservation of Energy
Where Does the Energy Go?
Friction is a force that oppose motion between two surfaces that are touching.
For a roller coaster car to move, energy must be used to overcome the friction between the car’s wheels and the track.
As a result, not all of the car’s potential energy changes into kinetic energy and not all of the car’s kinetic energy changes back into potential energy.

37. Chapter 9
Section 3 Conservation of Energy

38. Chapter 9 Energy Is Conserved Within a Closed System
Section 3 Conservation of Energy
Energy Is Conserved Within a Closed System
A closed system is a group of objects that transfer energy only to each other.
The Law of Conservation of Energy states that energy cannot be created or destroyed.
Energy can be converted from one form to another. But all of the different forms of energy in a system always add up to the same total amount of energy.

39. Chapter 9 Energy Is Conserved Within a Closed System, continued
Section 3 Conservation of Energy
Energy Is Conserved Within a Closed System, continued
The image below shows energy conservation in a light bulb.

40. No Conversion Without Thermal Energy
Chapter 9
Section 3 Conservation of Energy
No Conversion Without Thermal Energy
Any time one form of energy is converted into another form, some of the original energy always gets converted into thermal energy.
The thermal energy due to friction that results from energy conversions is not usually useful energy.

41. No Conversion Without Thermal Energy, continued
Chapter 9
Section 3 Conservation of Energy
No Conversion Without Thermal Energy, continued
Perpetual Motion? No Way! A perpetual motion machine is a machine that would run forever without any additional energy.
But perpetual motion machines are impossible because some waste thermal energy always results from energy conversions.

42. No Conversion Without Thermal Energy, continued
Chapter 9
Section 3 Conservation of Energy
No Conversion Without Thermal Energy, continued
Making Conversions Efficient Some systems transform energy with less loss of heat than others do. Such systems are more efficient than others are.
Improving the efficiency of machines is important because greater efficiency results in less waste. If less energy is wasted, less energy is needed to operate a machine.

43. Chapter 9
Section 4 Energy Resources
Bellringer
Predict whether the following sources of energy are renewable or nonrenewable.
sunlight coal wind
petroleum nuclear geothermal
Write and explain your predictions in your science journal.

44. Chapter 9 Objectives Name several energy resources.
Section 4 Energy Resources
Objectives
Name several energy resources.
Explain how the sun is the source of most energy on Earth.
Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of using various energy resources.

45. Nonrenewable Resources
Chapter 9
Section 4 Energy Resources
Nonrenewable Resources
Nonrenewable resources cannot be replaced or are replaced much more slowly than they are used.
Fossil fuels are nonrenewable energy resources that formed from the remains of organisms that lived long ago. Oil, natural gas, and coal are the most common fossil fuels.

46. Chapter 9
Section 4 Energy Resources

47. Nonrenewable Resources, continued
Chapter 9
Section 4 Energy Resources
Nonrenewable Resources, continued
Uses of Fossil Fuels All fossil fuels contain stored energy from the sun, which can be converted into other kinds of energy.
Burning coal is a common way to generate electrical energy. Petroleum is used to make gasoline, wax, and plastics. Natural gas is often used in home heating.

48. Nonrenewable Resources, continued
Chapter 9
Section 4 Energy Resources
Nonrenewable Resources, continued
Electrical Energy from Fossil Fuels Electric generators convert the chemical energy in fossil fuels into electrical energy by the process shown below.

49. Nonrenewable Resources, continued
Chapter 9
Section 4 Energy Resources
Nonrenewable Resources, continued
Nuclear Energy Another way to generate electrical energy is to use nuclear energy.
In a process called nuclear fission, the nucleus of a radioactive atom is split into two smaller nuclei, which releases nuclear energy.
Because the supply of radioactive elements is limited, nuclear energy is a nonrenewable resource.

50. Chapter 9 Renewable Resources
Section 4 Energy Resources
Renewable Resources
Renewable resources are naturally replaced more quickly than they are used.
Solar Energy Sunlight can be changed into electrical energy through solar cells.
Solar cells can be used in devices such as calculators. They can also be placed on the roof of a house to provide electrical energy.

51. Renewable Resources, continued
Chapter 9
Section 4 Energy Resources
Renewable Resources, continued
Energy from Water The potential energy of water in a reservoir can be changed into kinetic energy as the water flows through a dam.
In a hydroelectric dam, falling water turns turbines. The turbines are connected to a generator that changes kinetic energy into electrical energy.

52. Renewable Resources, continued
Chapter 9
Section 4 Energy Resources
Renewable Resources, continued
Wind Energy The kinetic energy of wind can turn the blades of a windmill or a wind turbine.
A wind turbine changes the kinetic energy of the air into electrical energy by turning a generator.

53. Renewable Resources, continued
Chapter 9
Section 4 Energy Resources
Renewable Resources, continued
Geothermal Energy is thermal energy caused by the heating of Earth’s crust. This energy can be converted into electrical energy at geothermal power plants.
Biomass is organic matter, such as plants, wood, and waste, that can be burned to release energy. Some countries depend on biomass for energy.

54. The Two Sides to Energy Resources
Chapter 9
Section 4 Energy Resources
The Two Sides to Energy Resources
All energy resources have advantages and disadvantages. Many factors determine when one energy source is a better choice than another.
Choosing the Right Energy Source Energy planning in all parts of the world requires careful consideration of energy needs and the availability and responsible use of resources.

55. Chapter 9
Energy and Energy Resources
Concept Map
Use the terms below to complete the concept map on the next slide.
potential energy
position
mechanical energy
motion
kinetic energy
mass
machines

56. Chapter 9
Energy and Energy Resources

57. Chapter 9
Energy and Energy Resources

58. End of Chapter 9 Show

59. Chapter 9
Energy and Energy Resources
CNN Videos
Scientists in Action: Forming the Future of Energy Efficiency
Multicultural Connections: Israel’s Desert Energy
Science, Technology, and Society: Wind Power
Science, Technology, and Society: BioDiesel

60. Chapter 9
Standardized Test Preparation
Reading
Read each of the passages. Then, answer the questions that follow each passage.

61. Chapter 9
Standardized Test Preparation
Passage 1 Gas hydrates are icy formations of water and methane. Methane is the main component of natural gas. The methane in gas hydrates is made by bacteria in the ocean. Large areas of hydrates have been found off the coasts of North Carolina and South Carolina in marine sediments. In just two areas that are each about the size of Rhode Island, scientists think there may be 70 times the amount of natural gas used by the United States in 1 year. The energy from gas hydrates could be used to drive machinery or generate electrical energy.

62. Chapter 9
Standardized Test Preparation
1. How large are each of the two gas hydrate deposits mentioned in this article?
A about the size of the United States
B about the size of South Carolina
C about the size of North Carolina
D about the size of Rhode Island

63. Chapter 9
Standardized Test Preparation
1. How large are each of the two gas hydrate deposits mentioned in this article?
A about the size of the United States
B about the size of South Carolina
C about the size of North Carolina
D about the size of Rhode Island

64. Chapter 9 2. What are gas hydrates mainly made of?
Standardized Test Preparation
2. What are gas hydrates mainly made of?
F bacteria and sediments
G water and methane
H natural gas and water
I ice and sediments

65. Chapter 9 2. What are gas hydrates mainly made of?
Standardized Test Preparation
2. What are gas hydrates mainly made of?
F bacteria and sediments
G water and methane
H natural gas and water
I ice and sediments

66. Chapter 9
Standardized Test Preparation
3. How long could U.S. natural gas needs be met by all the gas in both deposits mentioned?
A 1 year
B 2 years
C 70 years
D 140 years

67. Chapter 9
Standardized Test Preparation
3. How long could U.S. natural gas needs be met by all the gas in both deposits mentioned?
A 1 year
B 2 years
C 70 years
D 140 years

68. Chapter 9 4. Where do methane gas hydrates come from? F ocean water
Standardized Test Preparation
4. Where do methane gas hydrates come from?
F ocean water
G bacteria
H sediments
I ice

69. Chapter 9 4. Where do methane gas hydrates come from? F ocean water
Standardized Test Preparation
4. Where do methane gas hydrates come from?
F ocean water
G bacteria
H sediments
I ice

70. Chapter 9
Standardized Test Preparation
Passage 2 Two new technologies may reduce the price of electric cars. One is called a hybrid electric vehicle. This vehicle has a small gasoline engine that provides extra power and recharges the batteries. The other technology uses hydrogen fuel cells instead of batteries. These cells use the hydrogen present in more conventional fuels, such as gasoline or ethanol, to produce an electric current that powers the car.

71. Chapter 9 1. In this passage, what does vehicle mean? A electric
Standardized Test Preparation
1. In this passage, what does vehicle mean?
A electric
B hybrid
C car
D current

72. Chapter 9 1. In this passage, what does vehicle mean? A electric
Standardized Test Preparation
1. In this passage, what does vehicle mean?
A electric
B hybrid
C car
D current

73. Chapter 9 2. Which of the following are conventional fuels?
Standardized Test Preparation
2. Which of the following are conventional fuels?
F gasoline and ethanol
G hydrogen and ethanol
H gasoline and hydrogen
I only hydrogen

74. Chapter 9 2. Which of the following are conventional fuels?
Standardized Test Preparation
2. Which of the following are conventional fuels?
F gasoline and ethanol
G hydrogen and ethanol
H gasoline and hydrogen
I only hydrogen

75. Chapter 9 3. Which of the following is a fact in this passage?
Standardized Test Preparation
3. Which of the following is a fact in this passage?
A A hybrid electric vehicle runs partly on gasoline.
B All electric cars are hybrid.
C All electric cars use hydrogen fuel cells.
D Hydrogen fuel cells use conventional fuel.

76. Chapter 9 3. Which of the following is a fact in this passage?
Standardized Test Preparation
3. Which of the following is a fact in this passage?
A A hybrid electric vehicle runs partly on gasoline.
B All electric cars are hybrid.
C All electric cars use hydrogen fuel cells.
D Hydrogen fuel cells use conventional fuel.

77. Chapter 9
Standardized Test Preparation
4. What do the two new technologies described in the passage have in common?
F They do not use conventional fuels.
G They may reduce the price of electric cars.
H They use hybrid engines.
I They use hydrogen to produce an electric current.

78. Chapter 9
Standardized Test Preparation
4. What do the two new technologies described in the passage have in common?
F They do not use conventional fuels.
G They may reduce the price of electric cars.
H They use hybrid engines.
I They use hydrogen to produce an electric current.

79. Interpreting Graphics
Chapter 9
Standardized Test Preparation
Interpreting Graphics
The pie chart below shows U.S. energy use by source of energy. Use the chart below to answer the questions that follow.

80. Chapter 9
Standardized Test Preparation
1. According to the graph, the United States relies on fossil fuels for about what percentage of its energy?
A 30%
B 45%
C 60%
D 80%

81. Chapter 9
Standardized Test Preparation
1. According to the graph, the United States relies on fossil fuels for about what percentage of its energy?
A 30%
B 45%
C 60%
D 80%

82. Chapter 9
Standardized Test Preparation
2. Nuclear energy represents about what percentage of U.S. energy sources?
F 15%
G 30%
H 50%
I 70%

83. Chapter 9
Standardized Test Preparation
2. Nuclear energy represents about what percentage of U.S. energy sources?
F 15%
G 30%
H 50%
I 70%

84. Chapter 9
Standardized Test Preparation
3. Which energy source accounts for about 25% of U.S. energy?
A oil
B coal
C natural gas
D nuclear energy

85. Chapter 9
Standardized Test Preparation
3. Which energy source accounts for about 25% of U.S. energy?
A oil
B coal
C natural gas
D nuclear energy

86. Chapter 9 Math Read each question, and choose the best answer.
Standardized Test Preparation
Math
Read each question, and choose the best answer.

87. Chapter 9
Standardized Test Preparation
1. Gerald bought 2.5 kg of apples. How many grams of apples did he buy?
A g
B g
C 25 g
D 2,500 g

88. Chapter 9
Standardized Test Preparation
1. Gerald bought 2.5 kg of apples. How many grams of apples did he buy?
A g
B g
C 25 g
D 2,500 g

89. Chapter 9 2. Which group contains ratios that are equivalent to 3/8?
Standardized Test Preparation
2. Which group contains ratios that are equivalent to 3/8?
F 6/16, 9/24, 12/32
G 6/16, 12/24, 12/32
H 6/24, 12/32, 15/40
I 6/9, 9/24, 15/40

90. Chapter 9 2. Which group contains ratios that are equivalent to 3/8?
Standardized Test Preparation
2. Which group contains ratios that are equivalent to 3/8?
F 6/16, 9/24, 12/32
G 6/16, 12/24, 12/32
H 6/24, 12/32, 15/40
I 6/9, 9/24, 15/40

91. Chapter 9
Standardized Test Preparation
3. Carmen went to a bookstore. She bought three books for $7.99 each and four books for $3.35 each. Which number sentence can be used to find c, the total cost of the books?
A c  3  (7.99  1)  (4  3.35)
B c  (1  7.99)  (3  3.35)
C c  (3  7.99)  (4  3.35)
D c  (3  7.99)  (4  3.35)

92. Chapter 9
Standardized Test Preparation
3. Carmen went to a bookstore. She bought three books for $7.99 each and four books for $3.35 each. Which number sentence can be used to find c, the total cost of the books?
A c  3  (7.99  1)  (4  3.35)
B c  (1  7.99)  (3  3.35)
C c  (3  7.99)  (4  3.35)
D c  (3  7.99)  (4  3.35)

93. Chapter 9
Standardized Test Preparation
4. Rhonda’s Mobile Car Washing charges $15 to wash a customer’s car. Vacuuming the car costs an extra $10. Rhonda wants to know how much money she earned last week. When she looks at her appointment book, Rhonda finds that she washed a total of 50 cars. Only 20 of these cars were vacuumed after being washed. How much money did Rhonda earn last week?
F $500
G $750
H $950
I $1050

94. Chapter 9
Standardized Test Preparation
4. Rhonda’s Mobile Car Washing charges $15 to wash a customer’s car. Vacuuming the car costs an extra $10. Rhonda wants to know how much money she earned last week. When she looks at her appointment book, Rhonda finds that she washed a total of 50 cars. Only 20 of these cars were vacuumed after being washed. How much money did Rhonda earn last week?
F $500
G $750
H $950
I $1050

95. Chapter 9
Section 1 What Is Energy?

96. Chapter 9
Section 1 What Is Energy?

97. Chapter 9
Section 3 Conservation of Energy

98. Chapter 9
Section 4 Energy Resources

99. Chapter 9
Standardized Test Preparation