1. How to Develop and W r i t e a R e s e a r c h P a p e r E N G L I S H I I I - O P T I O N S I n d i v i d u a l P e r s u a s i v e R e s e a r c h P a p e r P a r t n e r P e r s u a s i v e R e s e a r c h P a p e r

2. Research Paper Assignment Identify what the assignment requires:  Topic possibilities- Visit English III Research site on class blog Should homework be abolished? Should the minimum wage be raised?

3.  number of sources: minimum of 6  type of sources (Research Databases through February)  citation requirements (MLA)  presentation requirements (written)  length of paper: 4-7 pages  due date- March 13th

4. Getting Started Choose a topic (from the list of five) based on requirements. Ask yourself questions: What do I know about the topic? What would I like to learn? What will others learn from reading my paper? How will I persuade using arguments?

5. Personal Exploration of Topic Once you have familiarized yourself with the topic, reflect on your initial impressions: Free Writing – just write down your thoughts List Key Words – list words that describe your topic Clustering/Webbing - create a web that links terms together (an example of webbing is on the next slide)

6. Starting Your Research – Gather articles- email or use Diigo (bookmarking site) – Copy and paste article citations in a google doc???

7. Decide on the Usefulness of Journal Articles Evaluate usefulness of journal articles for assignment: – Read title and subtitle as clue to content. – Read abstract if available. – Check key terms at end of article for related links to further explore topic.

8. How to Avoid Plagiarism How to Avoid Plagiarism – Review the PowerPoint presentation. It covers: How to Avoid Plagiarism – Citing sources of information. – How to paraphrase, summarize, quote. – How to cite your sources for your works cited page.

9. Taking Notes Organizing Your Research Using Diigo – Read source actively by highlighting important information. Click and highlight the article. Add your own notes. – Find notes on the following as you read each article and label all notes as such: Overview Argument 1 Argument 2 Argument 3 Opposing Viewpoint YOU WILL RE-READ ARTICLES AND TAKE NOTES EVERY NIGHT.

10. Note-Taking Steps Copy and paste the articles exact text. You can do this by highlighting the article with the highlighting tool. You then must decide whether this information should be directly quoted or paraphrased. In the note section under the highlighted text, write direct quote or paraphrase.

11. WHEN TO DIRECTLY QUOTE: Directly quote only when: – the language of the passage is particularly elegant, powerful, or memorable. – you wish to confirm the credibility of your argument by enlisting the support of the authority on your topic. – the passage is worthy of further analysis.

12. How to QUOTE: Include where the quotes come from in your notes and in your final paper. Use the following verbs to introduce quotes argues, maintains, states, writes, suggests, claims, points out, insists, demonstrates, concludes, says, observes, comments, counters, explains, notes, implies, reveals EXAMPLE: As Covery explains, “People with the Win mentality don’t necessarily want someone else to lose” (3).

13. How to QUOTE The following verbs and sentence patterns can be used according to the needs of your paper. Remember that paraphrases should also be introduced and must be attributed. 1. In a recent article, (your author) comments that.... 3 2. (Your author) believes that “....” 3. Similarly, (your author) proposes that the problem becomes “...” 4. (Your author) stipulates that “....” 5. (Your author) makes this conclusion, “....” 6. (Your author) reports that “....” 7. “....,” suggests one author. 8. (Your author) concludes that.... (paraphrase)

14. 9...., according to (your author),.... (paraphrase) 10. (Your author) verifies this theory by stating.... (paraphrase) 11. This idea is accepted by (your author).... (paraphrase) 12. (Your author) adds that....(paraphrase) Other verbs that are equally good are listed here: admit mention show affirm observe submit argue propose summarize believe rely think confirm reveal theorize contend see declare say demand state

15. Quoted Material For publications with no author given, you should include the first 2-3 key words from the title and the page number in parentheses. EXAMPLE: "Fathers today no longer know who they are or what their wives and children expect from them" ("Fathers Confused" 5), and this increases the likelihood they will abandon their families. If possible, you should quote or paraphrase material from the original source, but if you do use material that is within someone else's work, include the abbreviation qtd. in ("quoted in") and then refer to the source where you got the information. Use qtd. in even if it's a paraphrase and not a quote. Dr. Ann Rudolph contends that fathers who bond with their infant children are more likely to maintain lifelong contact (qtd. in Parke 112).

16. WHEN TO PARAPHRASE A paraphrase (or indirect quotation, as it is also called) restates another person’s ideas in your own words. Unlike a summary, it is used with short passages – usually a sentence or two – and it does not condense or shorten the original.

17. Paraphrasing Paraphrases must be accurate, undistorted, and completely rewritten into you own wording and sentence structure. The most blatant form of PLAGIARISM is following too closely the wording of another writer while giving the impression that the wording is your own.

18. HOW TO PARAPHRASE 1. Rearrange the order of the information in the original. 2. Have a thesaurus or dictionary handy and look up synonyms for key words. 3. Rephrase complex material into easy-to- understand sentences. 4. If you retain unusual terminology or phrases from the original, enclose them in quotation marks.

19. Paraphrase Example The original passage: Students frequently overuse direct quotation in taking notes, and as a result they overuse quotations in the final [research] paper. Probably only about 10% of your final manuscript should appear as directly quoted matter. Therefore, you should strive to limit the amount of exact transcribing of source materials while taking notes. Lester, James D. Writing Research Papers. 2nd ed. (1976): 46-47. A legitimate paraphrase: In research papers students often quote excessively, failing to keep quoted material down to a desirable level. Since the problem usually originates during note taking, it is essential to minimize the material recorded verbatim (Lester 46-47).

20. Paraphrasing in Diigo

22. DOCUMENTING PARAPHRASES & USING LEAD-INS Documenting Paraphrases and Using Lead-Ins (signal phrases) You must acknowledge the source of all ideas that are not your own. Documentation can be placed (1) entirely in the narrative of the text, (2) partly in the text and partly in parentheses, or (3) entirely in parentheses. Whenever you place information about the source in the narrative of your paper, you are creating a lead-in or signal or tag phrase. The first time you cite a source, it is preferable to give both first and last name and some information about the author. A lead-in or signal phrase can be placed at the beginning, as in the following paraphrase (lead-in is underlined): James Prochaska, a professor at Harvard’s medical school, stated that more than 300,000 Americans die annually as a direct result of tobacco smoking (31).

23. When to SUMMARIZE: The ability to summarize – to restate concisely the main facts or ideas of a longer work. A GOOD SUMMARY MUST: 1. accurately reflects the meaning and intention of the original without distorting or slanting the information. 2. be completely reworded to reflect your own vocabulary and writing style.

24. Summary Example The original passage: Students frequently overuse direct quotation in taking notes, and as a result they overuse quotations in the final [research] paper. Probably only about 10% of your final manuscript should appear as directly quoted matter. Therefore, you should strive to limit the amount of exact transcribing of source materials while taking notes. Lester, James D. Writing Research Papers. 2nd ed. (1976): 46-47 An acceptable summary: Students should take just a few notes in direct quotation from sources to help minimize the amount of quoted material in a research paper (Lester 46-47).

25. PLAGIARISM A plagiarized version: Students often use too many direct quotations when they take notes, resulting in too many of them in the final research paper. In fact, probably only about 10% of the final copy should consist of directly quoted material. So it is important to limit the amount of source material copied while taking notes. Brought to you by the Purdue University Online Writing LabPurdue University Online Writing Lab

26. OVERVIEW Things you DO need to document: An original idea derived from a source, whether quoted or parahrased Your summary of ideas from a source Factual information that is not considered common knowledge Exact wording copied from a source (quotation)

27. Organize Your Research Construct an Mini-Outline I. Introduction of issue researched. The final sentence will be the thesis statement. II. Brief and fair summary of opposing argument. Research needed. III. Concession of at least one point the opposing side makes. IV. Argument #1 V. Argument #2 VI. Argument #3 VII. Conclusion

28. Drafting Follow your outline. Begin to incorporate research material into each paragraph. Cite your source for each quote, paraphrase, and summary. Check with your instructor about which documentation and format style to use. Be sure to include your opinion and comments on the research. Write your conclusion based on your answer to your research question (your thesis).

29. Preparing the Final Version of Your Research Paper Revise draft. Check cited sources for accuracy and MLA Style. Proof read your work – don’t forget the Spell and Grammar check in Microsoft Word. Add works cited page.