1. Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e1 Chapter 28 The Reproductive Systems Lecture Outline

2. Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e2 INTRODUCTION Sexual reproduction is a process in which 2 organisms produce offspring through gametes (sex cells). Gynecology is the specialized branch of medicine concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the female reproductive system. Urology is the study of the urinary system but also includes diagnosis and treatment of diseases and disorders of the male reproductive system.

3. Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e3 Scrotum The scrotum is a sack of skin that supports the testes; internally. Temperature regulation of testes –sperm survival requires 3 degrees lower temperature than core body temperature

4. Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e4 Testes The testes, or testicles, are paired oval-shaped glands in the scrotum. The testes contain seminiferous tubules in which sperm cells are made.

5. Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e5 Descent of Testes Testes descend from the abdomen into the scrotum during the 7 th month of fetal development. Failure of the testes to descend is called cryptorchidism; it may involve one or both testes. Corrected via surgery, can lead to infertility.

6. Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e6 Spermatogenesis - Introduction Spermatogenesis is the process by which the seminiferous tubules of the testes produce haploid sperm. Diploid cells (46 chromosomes) go through meiosis to produce 4 haploid sperm cells (23 chromosomes each). Each sperm cells is unique and different from the parent cell and the other sperm cells.

7. Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e7 Sperm Adapted for reaching & penetrating an egg Head contains DNA & enzymes Midpiece contains mitochondria to form ATP Tail is flagellum used for locomotion They are produced at the rate of about 300 million per day and, once ejaculated, have a life expectancy of 48-72 hours within the female reproductive tract.

8. Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e8 Hormonal Control of Spermatogenesis Testosterone –controls the growth, development, functioning, and maintenance of sex organs –stimulates bone growth, protein anabolism, and sperm maturation –stimulates development of male secondary sex characteristics.

9. Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e9 Epididymis The epididymis is a comma-shaped organ that lies along the posterior border of the testis. This is where sperm mature (14 days) and can be stored for up to a month. If they are not used, they are reabsorbed into the body.

10. Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e10 Vas deferns The ductus (vas) deferens, or seminal duct, stores sperm and propels them toward the urethra during ejaculation. It is 18 inches long.

11. Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e11 Anatomy The ejaculatory ducts propel sperm from the vas deferens into the urethra. The male urethra is the passageway for sperm and urine to the outside of the body.

12. Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e12 Vasectomy Male sterilization Vas deferens cut & tied off Sperm production continues Sperm degenerate 100% effective 40% reversible

13. Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e13 Accessory Sex Glands The seminal vesicles secrete an alkaline, viscous fluid that contains fructose, prostaglandins, and clotting proteins (semen) –The alkaline nature of the fluid helps to neutralize acid in the male urethra and female reproductive tract. –The fructose is for ATP production by sperm.

14. Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e14 The prostate gland Is a donut shaped gland about the size of a golf ball which is behind the bladder. It secretes a milky, slightly acidic fluid (more semen) that contains: –citric acid, which can be used by sperm for ATP production –buffers –enzymes

15. Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e15 Bulbourethral or Cowper’s Glands The bulbourethral (Cowper’s) glands – mucus for lubrication and an alkaline substance that neutralizes acid (more semen) –Cleans urine out of the urethra prior to semen ejaculation

16. Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e16 Semen Statistics Mixture of sperm & seminal fluid –slightly alkaline, milky appearance, sticky Typical ejaculate is 2.5 to 5 ml in volume Normal sperm count is 50 to 150 million/ml Coagulates within 5 minutes Reliquifies in 15 minutes Semen fertility analysis----bad news if sperm show lack of forward motility, low count or abnormal shapes.

17. Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e17 Penis The penis contains the urethra and is a passageway for the ejaculation of semen Body composed of three erectile tissue masses

18. Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e18 Circumcision Removal of outer covering 3 - 4 days after birth Possibly lowers UTIs, cancer & sexually transmitted disease Or it’s genital mutilation

19. Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e19 Erection & Ejaculation Erection –Enlargement and stiffening of the penis –Caused by large amounts of blood filling the tissues of the penis Ejaculation –The release of semen from the urethra to the outside –Caused by smooth muscle contractions

20. Stop day 1 Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e20

21. Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e21 FEMALE REPRODUCTION SYSTEM The female organs of reproduction include the ovaries (gonads), uterine (Fallopian) tubes, uterus, vagina, vulva, and mammary glands

22. Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e22 Ovaries The ovaries are paired glands that are the size of almonds. They are located in the upper pelvic cavity, on either side of the uterus. The ovaries produce eggs and release hormones.

23. Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e23 Oogenesis Oogenesis occurs in the ovaries, where one cell undergoes meiosis to produce four immature eggs (this happens BEFORE birth).

24. Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e24 Ovulation Baby girls are born with 400,000 immature eggs. About 400 of those will mature and be released over her life. An egg is released once per cycle, around day 15. It is expelled from a follice, which is a tissue that held the maturing egg. Eggs remain viable for 24-48 hours post release from the ovary. A corpus luteum contains the remnants of an ovulated follicle and produces progesterone, estrogens, relaxin, and inhibin until it degenerates into a corpus albicans.

25. Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e25 Uterine or Fallopian Tubes Narrow, 4-inch tube extends from each ovary to uterus Can be called fallopian tubes, oviducts, or uterine tubes.

26. Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e26 Histology & Function of Uterine Tube The uterine (Fallopian) tubes transport ova from the ovaries to the uterus and are the normal sites of fertilization. Function -- events occurring in the uterine tube –fimbriae sweep oocyte into tube –cilia & peristalsis move it along –sperm reaches oocyte in ampulla, fertilization occurs within 24 hours after ovulation –zygote reaches uterus about 7 days after ovulation

27. Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e27 Uterus The uterus (womb) is an organ the size and shape of an inverted pear that functions in the transport of spermatozoa, menstruation, implantation of a fertilized ovum, development of a fetus during pregnancy, and labor.

28. Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e28 Anatomy of the Uterus 3 inches long by 2 in. wide and 1 in. thick subdivided –fundus –body –isthmus –cervix

29. Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e29 Histology of the Uterus Endometrium –The inner layer that is shed each month during menstruation. Myometrium –3 layers of smooth muscle, contract during labor and menstruation Perimetrium –Outermost layer

30. Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e30 Blood Supply Blood is supplied to the uterus by the uterine arteries and their numerous branches and is drained by the uterine veins

31. Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e31 Hysterectomy Surgical removal of the uterus Indications for surgery –endometriosis, ovarian cysts, excessive bleeding, cancer of cervix, uterus or ovaries Complete hysterectomy removes cervix Radical hysterectomy removes uterus, tubes, ovaries, part of vagina, pelvic lymph nodes and supporting ligaments Hysterectomy is the most common gynecological operation

32. Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e32 Secretions and Functions Secretory cells of the mucosa of the cervix produce a cervical mucus (a mixture of water, glycoprotein, serum-type proteins, lipids, enzymes, and inorganic salts) –when thin, is more receptive to sperm (at ovulation) –when thick, forms a cervical plug that physically impedes sperm penetration –Women secrete 20 to 60 ml daily

33. Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e33 Vagina The vagina functions as a passageway for sperm and the menstrual flow, the receptacle of the penis during sexual intercourse, and the lower portion of the birth canal 4 inch long fibromuscular organ ending at cervix In front of the rectum, behind the bladder The vaginal orifice is often partially covered by a thin fold of vascularized mucous membrane called the hymen.

34. Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e34 Vulva (external female genitalia) Mons pubis -- fatty pad over the pubic symphysis Labia majora & minora -- folds of skin encircling vestibule where find urethral and vaginal openings Clitoris -- small mass of erectile tissue Bulb of vestibule -- masses of erectile tissue just deep to the labia on either side of the vaginal orifice

35. Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e35 Modified sweat glands that produce milk (lactation) –milk-secreting glands (alveoli) open by lactiferous ducts at the nipple –areola is pigmented area around nipple –The essential functions of the mammary glands are synthesis of milk, secretion and ejection of milk, which constitute lactation. Mammary Glands

36. Stop Day 2 Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e36

37. Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e37 Menstrual Abnormalities Amenorrhea = absence of menstruation –hormone imbalance, extreme weight loss or low body fat as with rigorous athletic training Dysmenorrhea = pain associated with menstruation –severe enough to prevent normal functioning –uterine tumors, ovarian cysts, endometriosis or intrauterine device Abnormal uterine bleeding = excessive amount or duration or intermenstrual

38. Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e38 AGING AND THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS In males, declining reproduction function is more subtle, with males often retaining reproductive capacity into their 80s or 90s. In males, decreasing levels of testosterone decrease muscle strength, sexual desire, and viable sperm. Prostate enlargement, frequent and painful urination, and cancer become common.

39. Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e39 AGING AND THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS In females, the reproductive cycle normally occurs once each month from menarche, the first menses, to menopause, the last menses. Between the ages of 45 and 50 the ovaries no longer respond to pituitary hormones. As a result, estrogen and progesterone production decline, and eggs are not released. Symptoms of menopause: hot flashes, sweating, headaches, vaginal dryness, depression, weight gain, emotional fluctuations, osteoporosis, uterine cancer, and breast cancer.

40. Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e40 Reproductive System Disorders in Males Prostate Disorders –In prostatitis, the prostate gland becomes swollen and tender. Can usually be treated with surgery or antibiotics.

41. Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e41 Testicular Cancer Most common cancer in age group 20-35 –one of the most curable Begins as problem with spermatogenic cells within the seminiferous tubules Sign is mass within the testis Regular self-examination is important

42. Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e42 Prostate Cancer Leading male cancer death –treatment is surgery, radiation, hormonal and chemotherapy Blood test for prostate-specific antigen (PSA) Treatment for prostate cancer may involve surgery, radiation, hormonal therapy, or chemotherapy. Over 40 yearly rectal exam of prostate gland

43. Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e43 Erectile Dysfunction (Impotence) Consistent inability of adult male to hold an erection long enough for sexual intercourse Causes –psychological or emotional factors –physical factors diabetes mellitus, vascular disturbances, neurological disturbances, testosterone deficiency, drugs (alcohol, nicotine, antidepressants, tranquilizers,etc) Viagra causes vasodilation of penile arteries and brings on an erection

44. Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e44 Reproductive System Disorders in Females Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) refers to severe physical and emotional distress that occurs during the second half of the menstrual cycle (days 15-28) Endometriosis is characterized by the growth of endometrial tissue outside the uterus. –Symptoms include premenstrual pain or unusual menstrual pain and infertility. –Can be surgically removed

45. Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e45 Reproductive System Disorders in Females Breast cancer is the second-leading cause of death from cancer in United States women. –The factors that increase the risk of breast cancer development include family history of breast cancer, especially in a mother or sister; never having a child or having a first child after age 35; previous cancer in one breast; exposure to ionizing radiation, such as x-rays; excessive alcohol intake; and cigarette smoking. –Treatment for breast cancer may involve hormone therapy, chemotherapy, or surgery. –1 in 8 women are affected, usually older than age 30

46. Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e46 Reproductive System Disorders in Females Ovarian cancer is the sixth most common form of cancer in females. –It is difficult to detect because in early stages it has no symptoms –Risk factors include age (usually over age 50); race (white are at greatest risk); family history of ovarian cancer; never having children or first pregnancy after age 30; high-fat, low-fiber, vitamin A-deficient diet; and prolonged exposure to asbestos or talc. –Later-stage signs and symptoms include an enlarged abdomen, abdominal and/or pelvic pain, persistent gastrointestinal disturbances, urinary complications, menstrual irregularities, and heavy menstrual bleeding.

47. Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e47 Reproductive System Disorders in Females Cervical cancer can be detected through pap smears (annual) –It can be caused by HPV –Other risk factors are increased incidence associated with an increased number of sexual partners, young age at first intercourse, and cigarette smoking.

48. Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e48 Yeast Infection Yeast infections are caused by the yeast like fungus Candida albicans. –inflammation of the vagina –severe itching and pain –yellow cheesy discharge with odor 75% of women experience this at some point in their lives. Risk factors include: being an athlete, obesity, diabetes

49. Stop Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e49

50. Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e50 Sexually Transmitted Disease Bacteria are treatable with antibiotics, viral are not curable, you have them for life Chlamydia -- bacteria; asymptomatic, leads to sterility from scar tissue formation Gonorrhea -- bacteria, discharge common, blindness if newborn is infected during delivery Syphilis -- bacteria, painless sores (chancre), destroys organs, causes brain damage and death Genital Herpes -- virus, incurable, painful blisters HPV – virus, genital warts, not curable AIDS & hepatitis B –viruses

51. Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e51 Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) Chlaymdia is a STD caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis. At present chlamydia is the most prevalent and one of the most damaging of the STDs. –In most cases, the initial infection is asymptomatic and difficult to recognize clinically. –In males, urethritis is the principal result. –In females, urethritis may spread through the reproductive tract and develop into inflammation of the uterine tubes, which increases the risk of ectopic pregnancy and sterility.

52. Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e52 Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) Gonorrhea (“clap”) is an infectious STD that affects primarily the mucous membrane of the urogenital tract, the rectum, and occasionally the eyes. The disease is caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoreae. –Males usually suffer inflammation of the urethra with pus and painful urination. –In females, there can be no symptoms, and eventually discharge. Untreated, it can lead to infertility. –If the bacteria are transmitted to the eyes of a newborn in the birth canal, blindness can result. Administration of a 1% silver nitrate solution or penicillin or erythromycin in the neonate’s eyes prevents infection.

53. Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e53 Sexually transmitted diseases Syphilis is an STD caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum. –It is acquired through sexual contact, exchange of blood, or transmitted through the placenta to a fetus. –The disease progresses through several stages: primary, secondary, latent, and tertiary. –During the primary stage, the chief symptom is a painless open sore, called a chanker. –A skin rash, fever, and aches in the joints usher in the secondary stage: a systemic infection. –The tertiary stage occurs when signs of organ degeneration appear.

54. Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e54 Sexually transmitted diseases Genital herpes is an incurable STD caused by the type II herpes simplex virus (HSV-2). –HSV-2 causes genital infections such as painful blisters on the penis in males and on the vulva or sometimes high up in the vagina in females. –The blisters disappear and reappear in most patients, but the virus itself remains in the body.

55. Other STDs Trichomonas is a single celled eukaryotic protist. It can be transmitted through sharing clothes, bedding, towels, and toilets. Causes pain and frothy green discharge, cured with antibiotics. Crabs are parasitic insects related to lice. Same transmission as above. Can be killed with special shampoo. Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e55

56. Contraception Contraception means preventing pregnancy. Barrier methods physically stop the sperm from reaching the egg, and include male condoms, female condoms, diaphragms, and cervical caps. Chemical methods prevent the release of an egg or kill sperm, and include: birth control pill, patch, and ring; Norplant shot; IUDs, spermicides, Plan B Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e56

57. Sexual Assault Statistics A rape occurs every 6 minutes in the US 1 in 8 Americans will contract an STD in their lifetime 73% of sexual assaults are committed by non-strangers Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e57