1. The Structure of Hydrosphere 8 th Grade Curriculum – Developed for NCDPI - 2008

3. The Structure of Hydrosphere Oceans—96.5% of water found here Fresh water—3.5% of water found here Fresh water distribution: Ice: 1.762% Groundwater: 1.7% Surface Fresh Water: 0.014% Atmosphere and soil: 0.002%

8. Understanding Where Your Water Is Located—Oceans and Ice What bodies of water hold the largest amount of water? Oceans—the largest bodies of water on Earth (contain salt water only) What features house water as ice? Icebergs: a large piece of freshwater ice floating in open waters Glaciers: any large mass of ice that moves slowly over land

9. Location of Ice containing fresh water

11. Water Cycle The amount of water on the planet follows the law of conservation of mass Water is never created nor destroyed, it only changes forms.

13. Draw a picture of the water cycle, be sure to add the following with examples Condensation Evaporation Precipitation Transpiration

14. Condensation Water forming tiny droplets of water, sometimes so light they form clouds

16. Evaporation Water turning into a gas state

18. Precipitation Water returning falling from the sky as snow, sleet, hail, freezing rain

20. Transpiration Going directly from a plant or tree to the sky as a gas

22. Bell Ringer - 1.What is Transpiration? 2.Where does your water come from? 3.What happens to water that falls from the clouds when it reaches the ground?

23. Divides and Drainage Basins Divides and Drainage Basins-  Affect the water flow on land  Water flows from high points to low

24. an area into which all of the water on one side of a divide flows. Flatter regions may not be obvious Drainage Basin-

25. Divides and Drainage Basins

26. Water naturally collects in lakes and ponds. Some lakes were formed in the last ice age. The Great Lakes were formed by huge sheets of ice scraping out large depressions.

27. Divides- A ridge or continuous line of high land, from which water flows in a different direction. Mountain ridge Any point that the land rises and falls -The can cover a huge area- Mississippi basin extends from Rocky Mountains to Appalachia.

28. Drainage Basin-

29. Lake Turnover- Lakes are not as still as they seem. Varying temperatures of the seasons cause a cycle twice a year  Where do fish hang out at different times of the year or how a lake freezes.

30. Nutrients- Used by life forms in lakes From minerals and dead plants and Organisms are stirred upward by this turnover. Lake Turnover-

31. Eutrophication-  An increase of nutrients in a lake or pond Death of a lake  - Over thousands of years and through natural processes lakes fill in and become meadows. Nutrients and chemicals build up : phosphorus and nitrogen Oxygen decreases and kills of living organisms Sediment builds Sediments include: remains of dead fish and plants

32. Eutrophication-

33.  Human activity Speeds up the process of Eutrophication Pollution- Nitrogen from fertilizers wash into lakes Phosphates from laundry detergents

35. Types of wetlands Swamps, bogs, and marshes Swamp: a wetland dominated by trees Bogs: a wetland dominated by peat moss Marshes: a wetland dominated by grasses

36. North Carolina Swamps: Notice swamps are characterized by trees and water.

37. North Carolina Marsh: Notice how a marsh is made up of water and grass

38. North Carolina Bogs: Notice how bogs are water and peat moss (type of soil)

39. Other Surface Waters What is a wetland? An area where water is near or above the land surface, long enough during the year to support adapted plant growth

40. Aquifers Where is most of the water located after the polar ice caps and glaciers? In the ground Ground water is located in places called aquifers

42. What is density? Which is more dense, salt or freshwater? What if you float an ice cube in each, what would the difference between the ice cubes in the water be and why?

43. Answer these questions 1. How much water (gallons) on average do you think American households use each day? 2. Why is it important to keep those smaller streams clean? 3.What are two ways that you could decrease your use of water? ** Write 6 facts about our water treatment system.**

44. Aquifers Underground water that is trapped by impermeable rock Impermeable-water cannot flow through it Granite or bedrock Permeable-water can flow through it Sandstone or sand

48. Artesian Wells Artesian wells-water that can come up through a well dug into an aquifer with pressure Think of shaking a can of soda and jamming a straw into it, what happens? What happens when the pressure is gone?

51. Importance of Aquifers What do you think are the two most important reasons for aquifers 1. stores water for use 2. can assist the filtration of some pollutants out of the water

52. Fresh Water Locations—Surface Water What is the difference between a watershed and a river basin? Both terms describe land that drains into a river, stream or lake River Basin: the term used to describe interconnected rivers that lead to one large river. Watershed: the term used to describe the land that drains into a any river or stream

53. Watersheds and River Basins What is the largest river basin in NC? (connecting rivers and streams to a large river) The Cape Fear River basin has 9,322 square miles

54. Many watersheds make up 1 river basin. The land around the Cape Fear River is a watershed

55. Cape Fear River Basin: many watersheds make up the river basin

57. Let’s Make a River Basin Questions 1. Why is it important to keep those smaller streams clean? 2. Where do we get most of our drinking water in Cumberland County?

58. Cape Fear Watershed: The land around the river is the watershed.

59. Questions! 3. What pollutants might leave these structures and drain from the watershed area into the Cape Fear River? 4. Why is it important to keep watersheds clean? (watersheds=land around a river)

60. Additional factors that could pollute watersheds and river basins. Runoff from farms is the biggest pollutant that runs into rivers. What is actually running off? Fertilizer and manure Cars is perhaps the 2 nd biggest-oil, gas, transmission fluid, and brake fluid

62. Water Rights-draw a river and make two cities at different spots. Durham Fayetteville Who has the rights?

63. This is a concern for humans. Who has the right to the water in the river in your drawing? Provide 2 reasons for your response This is a major concern in North Carolina.

64. Commercial Vs. Personal Uses What is the difference between personal use of water and commercial use of water? Commercial-uses for business Personal-use at home Who has priority of water? Provide two examples for your answer

65. Commercial Farming

67. Personal Use

68. Water Usage Make a list (at least 5 items) since your arrival to science class about all things you have encountered since you woke up this morning that have water in them. Examples: shower or bath this morning, brushing your teeth, breakfast this morning (milk’s main ingredient is water), drinks from the drinking fountain this morning, flushing the toilet ect.

69. Water Usage How much water (gallons) on average do you think American households use each day? 135 gallons per house or apt. Let’s find some examples of our class shall we. http://www.csgnetwork.com/waterusagec alc.html

70. Water Usage What are two ways that you could decrease your use of water? Example: do not leave water running while brushing teeth http://www.dwa.org/ Ways to save water http://www.dwa.org/

71. Who is in charge of keeping our rivers, lakes, streams, and oceans clean? EPA-Environmental Protection Agency What are two things you can do to help keep oceans clean? What are some ways that we could monitor how healthy our water is?

72. Answer the following questions: Turn in before you leave Page 57 1- 6, write the question and answers. To learn how water is recycled and how the EPA works.

73. Test Review Find your foldable on Plate Boundaries. Have your homework together. Find your vocabulary terms from the Boundaries Quiz and Hydrosphere 1