1. Section 2.3

2. How reliable are measurements
How reliable are measurements? Standard: I&E (1b) Article: Mastering Concepts: 50(62-68) Terms: Practice Problems: 38(29-30), 39(31-32),41(33-36), 42(37-38)
Homework: Cornell Notes: Section Assessment: 42(39-42) Mastering Problems: 51(81-85)
11 Stamps

3. Section 2-3 Define and compare accuracy and precision.
Section 2.3 Uncertainty in Data
Define and compare accuracy and precision.
Describe the accuracy of experimental data using error and percent error.
Apply rules for significant figures to express uncertainty in measured and calculated values.
experiment: a set of controlled observations that test a hypothesis

4. Comprehension Verbs Confirm Convert Match Infer Discuss Estimate
Predict
Explain
Relate
Describe
paraphrase
Product
Analogy
Graph
Speech
Collage
Drama
Poster
Story
Summary
Outline
Photograph
Tape recording
Diagram
cartoon

5. Application Verbs Apply Modify Build Construct Solve Report Sketch
produce
Product
Diagram
Sculpture
Photograph
Forecast
Illustration
List
Project
Puzzle
Cartoon
Filmstrip

6. Section 2-3 accuracy precision error percent error significant figures
Section 2.3 Uncertainty in Data (cont.)
Section 2-3
accuracy
precision
error
percent error
significant figures
Measurements contain uncertainties that affect how a result is presented.

7. Exact
Inexact

8. Accuracy
Precision

9. Section 2-3
Accuracy and Precision
Accuracy refers to how close a measured value is to an accepted value.
Precision refers to how close a series of measurements are to one another.

10. good precision & good accuracy
poor accuracy but good precision
good accuracy but poor precision
poor precision & poor accuracy

11. Accuracy and Precision (cont.)
Section 2-3
Error is defined as the difference between and experimental value and an accepted value.

12. Section 2-3
Accuracy and Precision (cont.)
The error equation is error = experimental value – accepted value.
Percent error expresses error as a percentage of the accepted value.

13. Mastering Concepts: 50(62-68)
62. If you report two measurements of mass, 7.42 g and 7.56 g, are the measurements accurate? Are they precise? Explain your answers. (2.3)
You must know the accepted value to know if the measurements are accurate. They are fairly precise because there is only 0.14 g difference between the two measurements.

14. Mastering Concepts: 50(62-68)
63. When converting from meters to centimeters, how do you decide which values to place in the numerator and denominator of the conversion factor? (2.3)
Meters will be in the denominator so that the units will cancel when the starting value is multiplied by the conversion factor.

15. Mastering Concepts: 50(62-68)
64. Why are plus and minus signs ignored in percent error calculations? (2.3)
You need to know only the difference between the measured value and the magnitude of the accepted value.

16. Mastering Concepts: 50(62-68)
65. In , which zero is significant? What is the other zero called? (2.3)
the first one; placeholder
66. Which of the following three numbers will produce the same number when rounded to three significant figures: 3.456, 3.450, or 3.448? (2.3)
3.450 and 3.448

17. Mastering Concepts: 50(62-68)
67. When subtracting g from g, which factor determines the number of significant figures in the answer? Explain. (2.3)
the number that has the fewest digits to the right of the decimal point; it is less precise.
68. When multiplying m by 3.72 m, which factor determines the number of significant figures in the answer? Explain. (2.3)
3.72; it has the smaller number of significant figures.

18. Practice Problems: 38 (29-30)
Density Data Collected by Three Different Students
The Accepted Density of Table Sugar is 1.59 g/cm3
Student A
Student B
Student C
Trial 1
1.54 g/cm3
1.4 g/cm3
1.70 g/cm3
Trial 2
1.60 g/cm3
1.68 g/cm3
1.69 g/cm3
Trial 3
1.57 g/cm3
1.45 g/cm3
1.71 g/cm3
Calculate the percent errors for Student B’s trials.
Calculate the percent errors for Student C’s trials

19. Practice Problems: 38 (29-30)
Errors for Data in Table 2-3
The Accepted Density of Table Sugar is 1.59 g/cm3
Student A
Student B
Student C
Trial 1
-0.05 g/cm3
g/cm3
+0.11 g/cm3
Trial 2
+0.01 g/cm3
+0.09 g/cm3
+0.10 g/cm3
Trial 3
-0.02 g/cm3
-0.14 g/cm3
+0.12 g/cm3
Calculate the percent errors for Student B’s trials.
Calculate the percent errors for Student C’s trials

20. The Accepted Density of Table Sugar is 1.59 g/cm3
29.
B/ Density
B/ Errors
Trial 1
1.4 g/cm3
= g/cm3
Trial 2
1.68 g/cm3
= g/cm3
Trial 3
1.45 g/cm3
= g/cm3
0.19 x 100 = 11.9%
1.59
The Accepted Density of Table Sugar is 1.59 g/cm3
0.09 x 100 = 5.66%
1.59
0.14 x 100 = 8.80%
1.59

21. Practice Problems: 38 (29-30)
Errors for Data in Table 2-3
Student A
Student B
Student C
Trial 1
-0.05 g/cm3
g/cm3
+0.11 g/cm3
Trial 2
+0.01 g/cm3
+0.09 g/cm3
+0.10 g/cm3
Trial 3
-0.02 g/cm3
-0.14 g/cm3
+0.12 g/cm3
Calculate the percent errors for Student B’s trials.
Calculate the percent errors for Student C’s trials

22. The Accepted Density of Table Sugar is 1.59 g/cm3
30.
Errors for Data in Table 2-3
C/Density
C/ Errors
Trial 1
1.70 g/cm3
= g/cm3
Trial 2
1.69 g/cm3
1.59 – 1.69 = g/cm3
Trial 3
1.71 g/cm3
1.59 – 1.71 = g/cm3
0.11 x 100 = 6.92%
1.59
The Accepted Density of Table Sugar is 1.59 g/cm3
0.10 x 100 = 6.92%
1.59
0.12 x 100 = 7.55%
1.59

23. measurement (1.4) always has some degree of uncertainty.
The uncertainty of a measurement involves estimates and cannot be exactly reproduced.
depends on the precision of the measuring device.
Precision= how accurate or exact

24. 25 mL vs mL?
The quantity 25 mL means that the volume is between 24 mL and 26 mL,
whereas the quantity mL means that the volume is between mL and mL

25. significant figures
recording the certain digits and the first uncertain digit (the estimated number)
7.5 are certain digits

26. Section 2-3 Often, precision is limited by the tools available.
Significant Figures
Often, precision is limited by the tools available.
Significant figures include all known digits plus one estimated digit.

27. Section 2-3 Rules for significant figures
Significant Figures (cont.)
Rules for significant figures
Rule 1: Nonzero numbers are always significant.
Rule 2: Zeros between nonzero numbers are always significant.
Rule 3: All final zeros to the right of the decimal are significant.
Rule 4: Placeholder zeros are not significant. To remove placeholder zeros, rewrite the number in scientific notation.
Rule 5: Counting numbers and defined constants have an infinite number of significant figures.

28. 31.80 0.0020 56430 10000 Pacific or Atlantic? Decimal Present?
A little trick for “sig figs”
Decimal Present?
Count from the Pacific
Decimal Absent?
Count from the Atlantic
31.80
0.0020
56430
10000

29. Practice Problems: 39 (31-32)
Determine the number of significant figures in each measurement.
31.
508.0 L L
x 105 kg kg

30. Practice Problems: 39 (31-32)
Determine the number of significant figures in each measurement.
31. a.
508.0 4
Rule 3: All final zeros to the right of the decimal are significant.

31. Practice Problems: 39 (31-32)
Determine the number of significant figures in each measurement.
31. b. 7
Rule 3: All final zeros to the right of the decimal are significant.

32. Practice Problems: 39 (31-32)
Determine the number of significant figures in each measurement.
31. c.
x 105 5
Rule 3: All final zeros to the right of the decimal are significant.

33. Practice Problems: 39 (31-32)
Determine the number of significant figures in each measurement.
31. d. 3
Rule 1: Nonzero numbers are always significant.

34. Practice Problems: 39 (31-32)
Determine the number of significant figures in each measurement.
32. s mL
x 10-8 g mL

35. Practice Problems: 39 (31-32)
Determine the number of significant figures in each measurement.
32a. 5
Rule 4: Placeholder zeros are not significant. To remove placeholder zeros, rewrite the number in scientific notation

36. Practice Problems: 39 (31-32)
Determine the number of significant figures in each measurement.
32b 3
Rule 4: Placeholder zeros are not significant. To remove placeholder zeros, rewrite the number in scientific notation

37. Your Turn ...
Determine the number of significant figures in each measurement.
32.
c x 10-8 g
d mL

38. Section 2-3 Calculators are not aware of significant figures.
Rounding Numbers
Calculators are not aware of significant figures.
Answers should not have more significant figures than the original data with the fewest figures, and should be rounded.

39. Section 2-3 Rules for rounding
Rounding Numbers (cont.)
Rules for rounding
Rule 1: If the digit to the right of the last significant figure is less than 5, do not change the last significant figure.
Rule 2: If the digit to the right of the last significant figure is greater than 5, round up to the last significant figure.
Rule 3: If the digits to the right of the last significant figure are a 5 followed by a nonzero digit, round up to the last significant figure.

40. Section 2-3 Rules for rounding (cont.)
Rounding Numbers (cont.)
Rules for rounding (cont.)
Rule 4: If the digits to the right of the last significant figure are a 5 followed by a 0 or no other number at all, look at the last significant figure. If it is odd, round it up; if it is even, do not round up.

41. Practice Problems: 41(33-34)
Round all numbers to four significant figures. Write the answers to problem 34 in scientific notation
33. kg g cm m

42. Practice Problems: 41(33-34)
Round all numbers to four significant figures. Write the answers to problem 34 in scientific notation
34. g kg mm mL

43. Section 2-3 Addition and subtraction Multiplication and division
Rounding Numbers (cont.)
Addition and subtraction
Round numbers so all numbers have the same number of digits to the right of the decimal.
Multiplication and division
Round the answer to the same number of significant figures as the original measurement with the fewest significant figures.

44. When adding and subtracting, limit and round your answer to the least number of decimal places in any of the numbers that make up your answer.
Example 2: ml ml ml =225,507 ml
The answer is expressed as ml since 46.0 ml has only one decimal place.

45. Practice Problems: 41 (35-36)
Complete the following addition and subtraction problems. Round off the answers when necessary.
35. a cm cm cm
b kg kg kg
c mg mg mg

46. Practice Problems: 41 (35-36)
Complete the following addition and subtraction problems. Round off the answers when necessary.
35a.
43.2 cm cm cm
142.9 cm
Addition and subtraction
Round numbers so all numbers have the same number of digits to the right of the decimal.

47. Practice Problems: 41 (35-36)
Complete the following addition and subtraction problems. Round off the answers when necessary.
35b.
258.3 kg kg kg
768 kg
Addition and subtraction
Round numbers so all numbers have the same number of digits to the right of the decimal.

48. Your Turn...
Complete the following addition and subtraction problems. Round off the answers when necessary.
35c.
mg mg mg

49. Practice Problems: 41 (35-36)
Complete the following addition and subtraction problems. Round off the answers when necessary.
36. a cm cm
b cm cm
c x 103 cm x 103 cm

50. Practice Problems: 41 (35-36)
Complete the following addition and subtraction problems. Round off the answers when necessary.
36a.
93.26 cm
81.14 cm
12.12 cm
Addition and subtraction
Round numbers so all numbers have the same number of digits to the right of the decimal.

51. Practice Problems: 41 (35-36)
Complete the following addition and subtraction problems. Round off the answers when necessary.
36b.
5.236 cm cm cm
Addition and subtraction
Round numbers so all numbers have the same number of digits to the right of the decimal.

52. Your Turn...
Complete the following addition and subtraction problems. Round off the answers when necessary.
36. c x 103 cm x 103 cm

53. Calculations using Significant Figures
When multiplying and dividing, limit and round to the least number of significant figures in any of the factors.
Example 1: cm x 432 cm x 19 cm =188,784 cm3
The answer is expressed as 190,000 cm3 since 19 cm has only two significant figures.

54. Practice Problems: 42 (37-38)
Complete the following calculations. Round off the answers to the correct number of significant figures.
37. a. 24 m x 3.26 m
b. 120 m x 0.10 m
c m x 2.0 m
d m x 1.53 m

55. Practice Problems: 42 (37-38)
Complete the following calculations. Round off the answers to the correct number of significant figures.
37. a.
24 m
x 3.26 m
78 m2
Multiplication and division
Round the answer to the same number of significant figures as the original measurement with the fewest significant figures.

56. Practice Problems: 42 (37-38)
Complete the following calculations. Round off the answers to the correct number of significant figures.
37b.
120 m
x 0.10 m
14 m2
Multiplication and division
Round the answer to the same number of significant figures as the original measurement with the fewest significant figures.

57. Your Turn...
Complete the following calculations. Round off the answers to the correct number of significant figures.
37. c m x 2.0 m
d m x 1.53 m

58. Practice Problems: 42 (37-38)
Complete the following calculations. Round off the answers to the correct number of significant figures.
38. a m/2.4 s
b m/20.1 s
c m/51.2 s
d. 168 m/58 s

59. Practice Problems: 42 (37-38)
Complete the following calculations. Round off the answers to the correct number of significant figures.
38a m ÷ 2.4 s
4.84 m
2.4 s
2.0 m/s
Multiplication and division
Round the answer to the same number of significant figures as the original measurement with the fewest significant figures.

60. Practice Problems: 42 (37-38)
Complete the following calculations. Round off the answers to the correct number of significant figures.
38. b m/20.1 s
60.2 m
20.1 s
3.00 m/s
Multiplication and division
Round the answer to the same number of significant figures as the original measurement with the fewest significant figures.

61. Your Turn...
Complete the following calculations. Round off the answers to the correct number of significant figures.
38. c m/51.2 s
d. 168 m/58 s