1. GIS Tutorial 1 Lecture 2 Map design

2. Outline  Choropleth maps  Colors  Vector GIS display  GIS queries  Map layers and scale thresholds  Hyperlinks and map tips GIS TUTORIAL 1 - Basic Workbook 2

3. CHOROPLETH MAPS Lecture 2

4. Choropleth maps  Color-coded polygon maps  Use monochromatic scales or saturated colors  Represent numeric values (e.g. population, number of housing units, percentage of vacancies) GIS TUTORIAL 1 - Basic Workbook 4

5. Choropleth map example  Percentage of vacant housing units by county 5 GIS TUTORIAL 1 - Basic Workbook

6. Classifying data Process of placing data into groups (classes or bins) that have a similar characteristic or value  Break points  Breaks the total attribute range up into these intervals  Keep the number of intervals as small as possible (5-7)  Use a mathematical progression or formula instead of picking arbitrary values GIS TUTORIAL 1 - Basic Workbook 6 Break points

7. Classifications  Natural breaks (Jenks)  Picks breaks that best group similar values together naturally and maximizes the differences between classes  Generally, there are relatively large jumps in value between classes and classes are uneven  Based on a subjective decision and is the best choice for combining similar values  Class ranges specific to the individual dataset, thus it is difficult to compare a map with another map GIS TUTORIAL 1 - Basic Workbook 7

8. Classifications  Quantiles  Places the same number of data values in each class  Will never have empty classes or classes with too few or too many values  Attractive in that this method produces distinct map patterns  Analysts use because they provide information about the shape of the distribution.  Example: 0 – 25%, 25% – 50%, 50% – 75%,75% – 100% GIS TUTORIAL 1 - Basic Workbook 8

9. Classifications  Equal intervals  Divides a set of attribute values into groups that contain an equal range of values  Best communicates with continuous set of data  Easy to accomplish and read  Not good for clustered data  Produces map with many features in one or two classes and some classes with no features GIS TUTORIAL 1 - Basic Workbook 9

10. Classifications Use mathematical formulas when possible.  Exponential scales  Popular method of increasing intervals  Use break values that are powers such as 2 n or 3 n  Generally start out with zero as an additional class if that value appears in your data  Example: 0, 1–2, 3–4, 5–8, 9–16, and so forth 10 GIS TUTORIAL 1 - Basic Workbook

11. Classifications Use mathematical formulas when possible  Increasing interval widths  Long-tailed distributions  Data distributions deviate from a bell-shaped curve and most often are skewed to the right with the right tail elongated  Example: Keep doubling the interval of each category, 0 – 5, 5 – 15, 15 – 35, 35 – 75 have interval widths of 5, 10, 20, and 40. 11 GIS TUTORIAL 1 - Basic Workbook

12. U.S. population by state, 2000 12 GIS TUTORIAL 1 - Basic Workbook Original map (natural breaks)

13. Not good because too many values fall into low classes 13 GIS TUTORIAL 1 - Basic Workbook Equal interval scale

14. Shows that an increasing width (geometric) scale is needed 14 GIS TUTORIAL 1 - Basic Workbook Quantile scale

15. Custom geometric scale  Experiment with exponential scales with powers of 2 or 3. 15 GIS TUTORIAL 1 - Basic Workbook

16. Divides one numeric attribute by another in order to minimize differences in values based on the size of areas or number of features in each area Examples:  Dividing the number of vacant housing units by the total number of housing units yields the percentage of vacant units  Dividing the population by area of the feature yields a population density 16 GIS TUTORIAL 1 - Basic Workbook Normalizing data

17. Nonnormalized data Number of vacant housing units by state, 2000 17 GIS TUTORIAL 1 - Basic Workbook

18. Normalized data Percentage vacant housing units by state, 2000 18 GIS TUTORIAL 1 - Basic Workbook

19. California population by county, 2007 19 GIS TUTORIAL 1 - Basic Workbook Nonnormalized data

20. 20 GIS TUTORIAL 1 - Basic Workbook California population density, 2007 Normalized data

21. COLORS Lecture 2 21 GIS TUTORIAL 1 - Basic Workbook

22. 22  Hue is the basic color  Value is the amount of white or black in the color  Saturation refers to a color scale that ranges from a pure hue to gray or black GIS TUTORIAL 1 - Basic Workbook Color overview

23. 23 Device that provides guidance in choosing colors  Use opposite colors to differentiate graphic features  Three or four colors equally spaced around the wheel are good choices for differentiating graphic features  Use adjacent colors for harmony, such as blue, blue green, and green or red, red orange, and orange GIS TUTORIAL 1 - Basic Workbook Color wheel

24.  Light colors associated with low values  Dark colors associated with high values  Human eye is drawn to dark colors GIS TUTORIAL 1 - Basic Workbook 24 Light vs. dark colors

25. Contrast The greater the difference in value between an object and its background, the greater the contrast GIS TUTORIAL 1 - Basic Workbook 25

26. Monochromatic color scale  Series of colors of the same hue with color value varied from low to high  Common for choropleth maps  The darker the color in a monochromatic scale, the more important the graphic feature  Use more light shades of a hue than dark shades in monochromatic scales  The human eye can better differentiate among light shades than dark shades 26 GIS TUTORIAL 1 - Basic Workbook

27. Monochromatic map Values too similar 27 GIS TUTORIAL 1 - Basic Workbook

28. Monochromatic map A better map, more contrast 28 GIS TUTORIAL 1 - Basic Workbook

29. 29  An exception to the typical monochromatic scale used in most choropleth maps  Two monochromatic scales joined together with a low color value in the center, with color value increasing toward both ends  Uses a natural middle point of a scale, such as 0 for some quantities (profits and losses, increases and decreases) GIS TUTORIAL 1 - Basic Workbook Dichromatic color scale

30. 30 GIS TUTORIAL 1 - Basic Workbook Symmetric break points centered on 0 make it easy to interpret the map Dichromatic map

31. Color tips  Colors have meaning  Political and cultural  Cool colors  Calming  Appear smaller  Recede  Warm colors  Exciting  Overpower cool colors 31 GIS TUTORIAL 1 - Basic Workbook

32. 32  Do not use all of the colors of the color spectrum, as seen from a prism or in a rainbow, for color coding  If you have relatively few points in a point layer, or if a user will normally be zoomed in to view parts of your map, use size instead of color value to symbolize a numeric attribute GIS TUTORIAL 1 - Basic Workbook Color tips

33. 33 If you have many polygons to symbolize, it is better to use polygon centroid points with color rather than polygon choropleth maps. GIS TUTORIAL 1 - Basic Workbook Color tips

34. Changing colors in ArcMap  Choose color, more colors… 34 GIS TUTORIAL 1 - Basic Workbook

35.  Website  http://colorbrewer2.org/ http://colorbrewer2.org/  Books  Brewer, Cynthia A. 2008. Designed Maps: A Sourcebook for GIS Users. Redlands: ESRI Press  Brewer, Cynthia A. 2005. Designing Better Maps: A Guide for GIS Users. Redlands: ESRI Press GIS TUTORIAL 1 - Basic Workbook 35 Learn more about GIS colors

36. VECTOR GIS DISPLAY Lecture 2 36 GIS TUTORIAL 1 - Basic Workbook

37. Points, lines, polygons  Point  x,y coordinates  Line  starting and ending point and may have additional shape vertices (points)  Polygon  three or more lines joined to form a closed area 37 GIS TUTORIAL 1 - Basic Workbook

38. Feature attribute tables  Store characteristics for vector features  Layers can be displayed using attributes 38 GIS TUTORIAL 1 - Basic Workbook

39. Displaying points  Single symbols  All CAD calls 39 GIS TUTORIAL 1 - Basic Workbook

40. Displaying points  Same features, different points  Based on attributes GIS TUTORIAL 1 - Basic Workbook 40

41. Displaying points  Industry specific (e.g. crime analysis)  Good for large scale (zoomed in) maps GIS TUTORIAL 1 - Basic Workbook 41

42. Displaying points  Industry specific (e.g. schools)  Not good for multiple features at smaller scales  Simple points better for analysis GIS TUTORIAL 1 - Basic Workbook 42

43. Displaying points  Quantities  Use exaggerated sizes GIS TUTORIAL 1 - Basic Workbook 43

44. Displaying lines For analytical maps, most lines are ground features and should be light shades (e.g. gray or light brown) GIS TUTORIAL 1 - Basic Workbook 44

45. Displaying lines Consider using dashed lines to signify less important line features and solid lines for the important ones GIS TUTORIAL 1 - Basic Workbook 45

46. Displaying polygons Consider using no outline or dark gray for boundaries of most polygons  Dark gray makes the polygons prominent enough, but not so much that they compete for attention with more important graphic features GIS TUTORIAL 1 - Basic Workbook 46

47. Displaying polygons Consider using texture for black and white copies GIS TUTORIAL 1 - Basic Workbook 47

48.  Assign bright colors (red, orange, yellow, green, blue) to important graphic elements  Features are known as figure All features in figure GIS TUTORIAL 1 - Basic Workbook 48 Graphic hierarchy

49.  Assign drab colors to the graphic elements that provide orientation or context, especially shades of gray  Features known as ground 49 Circles in figure, squares and lines in ground GIS TUTORIAL 1 - Basic Workbook 49 Graphic hierarchy

50.  Place a strong boundary, such as a heavy black line, around polygons that are important to increase figure  Use a coarse, heavy cross-hatch or pattern to make some polygons important, placing them in figure GIS TUTORIAL 1 - Basic Workbook Graphic hierarchy 50

51. GIS TUTORIAL 1 - Basic Workbook 51 Graphic hierarchy example

52. GIS QUERIES Lecture 2 52 GIS TUTORIAL 1 - Basic Workbook

53. 53  Powerful relationship between data table and vector-based graphics—unique to GIS  Records from a feature attribute table are selected by using query criteria  Query will automatically highlight the corresponding graphic features GIS TUTORIAL 1 - Basic Workbook GIS queries

54. 54  Simple query criterion   NatureCode = ' DRUGS '  DATE >= ' 20040701 '  % wild card  % symbol stands for zero, one, or more characters of any kind  NAME like ' BUR%'  Selects any crime with names starting with the letters BUR, including burglaries (BUR), business burglaries(BURBUS), and residential burglaries (BURRES) GIS TUTORIAL 1 - Basic Workbook Simple attribute queries

55. GIS TUTORIAL 1 - Basic Workbook 55 Simple attribute queries

56. 56  Compound query criteria  Combine two or more simple queries with the logical connectives AND or OR  "NATURE_COD" = 'DRUGS' AND "DATE" > 20040801  Selects records that satisfy both criteria simultaneously  Result are drug crimes that were committed after August 1, 2004 GIS TUTORIAL 1 - Basic Workbook Compound attribute queries

57. GIS TUTORIAL 1 - Basic Workbook 57 Compound attribute queries

58. LAYER GROUPS, SCALE THRESHOLDS Lecture 2

59. Layer groups  Organizes layers  Groups and names logically GIS TUTORIAL 1 - Basic Workbook 59

60. Minimum scale threshold  When zoomed out beyond this scale, features will not be visible  Tracts not visible when zoomed to the USA 60 GIS TUTORIAL 1 - Basic Workbook

61. Minimum scale threshold  Tracts displayed when zoomed in 61 GIS TUTORIAL 1 - Basic Workbook

62. Maximum scale threshold  When zoomed in, features will not be visible  State population will disappear when zoomed in to a state 62 GIS TUTORIAL 1 - Basic Workbook

63. HYPERLINKS AND MAP TIPS Lecture 2

64.  Links images, documents, Web pages, etc. to features on a map GIS TUTORIAL 1 - Basic Workbook 64 Hyperlinks

65. Map tips  Provide an additional way to find information about map features  Pop up as you hover the mouse pointer over a feature 65 GIS TUTORIAL 1 - Basic Workbook

66. Summary  Choropleth maps  Colors  Vector GIS display  GIS queries  Map layers and scale thresholds  Hyperlinks and Map tips GIS TUTORIAL 1 - Basic Workbook 66