1. Mapping GIS data
Entering and Storing data on GIS is OK, but not much fun.
We want to look at the maps and see them at a bunch of different scales!
sounds pretty easy, but be aware
When you print a map, the scale is fixed to the paper;
When you view it on screen, It changes depending on the level of magnification
In short, what looks good on screen may not look good on paper and vice versa

2. Map scales Typically shown on paper maps a number of ways
Fractional scale--> 1:24,000; 1:62,500, etc.
Ratio of Map world to Real world in the same units
Bar scale--> a ruler that converts the map distance to the real world distance
1 mi
0 mi
0.125
0.25
0.375
0.5
0.66

3. Scales Large scale maps show Small areas and
Small scale maps show Large areas
Because they’re fractional representations of the real world
1/24000 is a larger fraction than 1/62500
Thus the 1/24000 map shows a smaller area at higher level of detail or resolution

4. Map data Technically, stored data have no scale
They have x, y -coordinates
They will get a scale when you view them or print them
Practically, data are collected at some scale that best suits them.
e.g.- a small scale map of the US that is scanned or digitized is not useful for making maps of larger scale data such as county roads

5. Scale issues of original data
State boundary drawn to cover entire state was collected at much smaller scale than voting district lines, each of which is at a very large scale

6. Issues with data
Collect too much data and bogs down the machine trying to display the data
Too little data and there isn’t enough accuracy
that may significantly affect any interpretations of the data

7. Map Types Different demands require different types of maps
Dependent on the data being used.
Different maps can have many symbols, or only one symbol.
Depends on what you’re trying to show.
Maps might use
Nominal data- names or ID’s objects
Categorical data- separates data into groups or classes
Ordinal data- separates data based on quantitative rank
Numerical data- data based on numbers with a standard interval between them

8. A single symbol map
each pink shaded polygon is a state

9. Categorical Data
points
lines
polygons

10. Nominal data Data identified or named by some type of label
Can be text or number
Maps often have many objects, almost all of which have points, lines and polygons that are identified as some unique feature
Points may be a city or house
Lines may be rivers, faults, railroads, roads, etc.
Polygons may be parks, states, counties, countries, etc.

11. Ordinal data
Data are grouped by rank according to some quantitative measure
Cities may be small medium or large
Students may earn A B C or D’s in class
Soils may have I, II, III, IV infiltration
The data must be represented by unique values maps and colors must show or portray an increasing sense of value

12. A geological map is a Unique Values Map based on categorical data representing different formations, or other geological units

13. Numerical data
Numbers that represent continuous phenomena that fall along a regularly spaced interval
Rainfall, elevations, populations, chemical concentrations, etc.
Equal changes in the interval involve equal changes in the thing being measured
Ratio vs Interval numerical data
Ratio measured with respect to some meaningful zero point
Ex.- Rainfall; if zero, then no rain has fallen
Can add, subtract, multiply and divide these data
Interval measured against no meaningful zero point
Ex.- Temperature in F or C scale; has a regular scale, but zero on the thermometer does not mean a total lack of temperature.
Any data that can have a negative value is Interval (e.g. elevation)
Interval can only support addition and subtraction

14. Symbols associated with numerical data
Points and Lines typically arranged so that the bigger the numerical attribute number, the larger the point or the thicker the line
Graduated Symbols- Points and lines are divided into classes with a given range of values for each class and a symbol unique to that class
A classed map
Proportional Symbols- numeric value is proportional to the size of the symbol
Creates what is referred to as an unclassed map

15. Classed map
Unclassed map

16. Symbols associated with numerical data
Polygons-numeric data are typically represented by colors
Can vary by hue, saturation or intensity
Changes in rainfall are commonly represented this way with each class a deeper shading of the color (intensity) for that shape

17. Graduated color maps or Choropleth maps
Two varieties of precipitation maps using color intensity
The top map uses a monochromatic intensity ramp to represent various increasing amounts of annual rainfall
The bottom is a two toned color ramp of the same data, with yellow = dryer and green = wetter

18. Normalized data
Some features will have larger symbols due to larger attribute values associated with larger coverages or areas
Larger counties will often have more farmland or larger populations, but it will be spread out over larger areas.
Normalizing the population to area (people divided by square miles) keeps the symbols from being disproportionally larger and therefore seemingly more important

19. Dot density maps can normalize the data by letting each dot represent 1 million people.
the more dots, the more people in that state. Can be arranged in specific locations in the state too

20. Chart maps

21. Classifying (grouping) data
Many methods for grouping numeric data
Depends what you want to show
Natural breaks (Jenks)- looks for gaps in data values
Equal interval-equal size for the intervals
Defined interval- range of values defined by user
Quantile- same number of features in each class
Class defined
Geometric interval- each class multiplied by a coefficient to create the next class
Standard deviation- the statistical deviation from normal of the data in any attribute field
Manual (arbitrary) breaks- self explanatory

23. Raster data Two types of rasters Thematic- 2 categories
Thematic Raster and Image raster
Thematic- 2 categories
Discrete- coded values identify discrete regions of similar values
e.g., geology or land use
Continuous- values change continuously from one location to another
e.g., elevation or precipitation
Image- from satellites and photos
Pixels are given lightness/darkness values from with 0 being black and 255 being white

24. Discrete raster Continuous raster
Best using Unique Values classification
Each value receives a color
Geology map example on next slide
Continuous raster
Classified
Values divided into classes and classes are given colors
Elevation map example on next slide
Stretched
Values are scaled to one of 256 color shades
Elevation map c) on next slide

25. a) Thematic raster discrete unique values- geology
b) Thematic raster continuous classified values- elevation

26. c) Thematic raster continuous stretched elevation

27. Image raster Stretched vs Composite
Stretched - applied to single bandwidth images
i.e., grayscale images
Uses same as the stretched process does in the thematic raster continuous data values
Assumes normally distributed pixel data
Composite uses RGB color bandwidths
Varies values from 0 to 255 per bandwidth
255 R with low G and B -makes red
255 R and G with low B - makes yellow
Each bandwidth may be stretched as well

28. Stretching the values on a single band image
- a one std dev stretch

29. b) Stretched by one std dev. c) same image not stretched

30. Stretched green bandwidth
RGB composite