1. 4.02 elements and principles of design.

2. Line Color Texture Shape/Silhouette
The elements** of design are combined in different ways to form designs.
Line
Texture
Color
Shape/Silhouette

3. The principles** of design are guidelines/rules for using the elements of design. It’s HOW you use the elements**
Balance
Proportion
Emphasis
Rhythm

4. When the elements of design are used effectively according to the principles of design, harmony** results.
Harmony: The pleasing visual effect of a design created by tasteful use of the elements of design following the principles of design.
Example: **redesigning a room in your house

5. The Importance of Color
Greatest visual impact for the consumer
Affects illusions of the size and shape
Reflects the personality of an individual
Is associated with psychological traits and emotions

6. Color
Hue: (1) The technical word for color**. (2) The name given to a color, such as red or yellow, that distinguishes one color from another.

7. Color Value**: The lightness or darkness of a color.
Tint**: The lighter hue created when white is added to a color.
Shade**: The darker hue created when black is added to a color.
Intensity: The brightness or dullness of a color.
Neutrals: Black, white, beige, and gray. Neutrals can be used alone or with any other colors.

8. Color wheel

9. Primary hues. : Red, yellow, blue
Primary hues**: Red, yellow, blue. All other colors are made from a combination of these.
Secondary hues: Orange, green, violet. These are created by mixing equal amounts of two primary colors.

10. Intermediate hues: Blue-violet, blue-green, yellow-green, yellow-orange, red-orange, red-violet.
Combine equal amounts of adjoining primary and secondary hues.

11. Warm and cool colors Warm colors: Red, orange yellow.
Think of the sun and its warmth***.
Cool colors: Green, blue, violet.
Think of the calmness*** of the ocean or sky.

12. Color schemes Plans that can be used to provide harmonious color combinations.

13. Monochromatic**
Different tints, shades, and intensities of a single color.
Example: light blue trousers and jacket with a navy blue vest.

14. Analogous colors
Two to five colors that are adjacent on the color wheel.
Example**: red-orange, red, red-violet worn together
Example**: blue, blue-green, green

15. Complementary colors
Two colors opposite each other on the color wheel.
Example: Orange and blue

16. Split-complementary colors
One color plus the colors on each side of its complement.
Example**: yellow combines with red-violet and blue-violet.

17. Triad colors**
Three colors that are equidistant from each other on the color wheel.
Yellow-orange
Blue-green
Red-violet

18. Accented neutral
White, gray, black, or beige with a bright color accent.
Example: Businesswoman wearing a gray dress with a red scarf.

19. Psychology of color RED: exciting, aggressive, passionate
ORANGE: earthy, warm, hopeful
YELLOW: cheerful, sunny, cowardly**
GREEN: restful, envious, fresh
BLUE: calming, cool, depressed
PURPLE: drama, rich, royal**
WHITE: innocent, pure, peaceful
BLACK: sophisticated, gloomy, mysterious**
GRAY: old, sad, modest

20. Shape
The silhouette** or the overall form or outline of an outfit or clothing style.
Influences the illusion of size
Indicates whether or not apparel is “in fashion” at a given time

21. Most silhouettes are formed by:
The width and length of the neckline, sleeves, and/or waistline.
The width and length of pants and skirts.

22. Basic silhouettes for women’s fashions
Straight** makes you look taller
Bell-shaped
Back fullness (bustle)
Basic silhouettes for men’s clothing
American or classic cut
European

23. Silhouettes Are always changing in fashion
The general direction that a silhouette takes either becoming wider, narrower, longer, or shorter shows a fashion trend.
Examples: varying lengths for women’s skirts, varying widths for men’s neckties

24. Line
A distinct, elongated mark that can lead*** the path of eye movement up and down, side to side, or around objects.
Feeling of movement
Visual direction
Helps draw attention to good points and play down the bad ones

25. Basic types of lines
Straight lines: Severe and formal and suggest power and dignity.
Curved lines: Add softness, roundness and femininity to apparel.

26. Directions of lines
Vertical lines**: Lines that go up and down. Vertical lines create a taller, more slender look.
Horizontal lines**: Lines that go across. Horizontal lines give a shorter, wider look.
Diagonal lines: Lines that slant at an angle rather than being vertical or horizontal.

27. Ways to create lines in garments
Structural lines**: Lines formed by the seams, darts, pleats, tucks, and edges when garments are constructed.
Decorative lines: Lines created by details added to the surface of clothing including fabric design and trims such as top-stitching, lace, tabs, flaps, and buttons used to decorate the garment.

28. Texture: The look and feel of fabric**.
Create illusions of size
Disguise figure irregularities
Add interest to a garment
*Textures used in apparel should be suited to the occasions for which the garments will be worn.

29. Texture can be provided in two ways…
Structural texture: determined by the fibers, yarns, and the method of construction used to produce a garment. Examples: velvet shirt, striped wool pants
Visual texture: The finishes and designs applied to the surface of the fabric. Examples: The print of the fabric can give the illusion of height or width to the wearer. Shiny textures make people look larger because they reflect light.

30. Examples of textures
Corduroy
Velvet
Denim
Satin
Cotton
Polyester

31. Balance
The principle of design that implies equilibrium or steadiness among the parts of a design or outfit.
Balance in garments is produced by structural parts and added decoration.
A properly balanced garment appears equal in weight and power of attraction from all sides, from top to bottom, and from front to back.

32. Formal balance (symmetrical )
One side resembles the other.

33. Informal balance (asymmetrical)
One side is unequal to the other.

34. Proportion**
The principle of design dealing with the relative sizes of all the parts in a design to each other and to the whole.
Garment details and accessories should be proportioned for the wearer.
Short jacket, long skirt

35. Emphasis The area of focus in a particular design.
Focal point can be used to draw attention or to keep the eye away.
Emphasis can be provided through size**, color, texture, structural lines, decorative lines, or accessories***.

36. Rhythm
The pleasing arrangement of design elements to produce a feeling of easy movement of the observer’s eye.
Rhythm is what allows the viewer’s eye to move steadily and smoothly through the lines and spaces of the design.

37. Types of rhythm***
Repetition
Gradation
Radiation
Alternation

38. Rhythm
Repetition: Rhythm created by repeated lines, shapes, colors, or textures in a garment.
Gradation: Rhythm created by a gradual increase or decrease of similar design elements.

39. Rhythm (cont)
Radiation: Rhythm created by lines emerging from a central point like rays, resulting in the parts being an equal distance from a given point.
Alternation: Rhythm created by alternating elements such as light and dark colors or stripes of two colors or sizes.

40. To appear taller and thinner
Black, navy blue, charcoal, and chocolate brown
Monochromatic colors
Straight silhouettes
Vertical lines
Subtle prints, plaids
Smooth, flat textures
Narrow, matching belt

41. To appear shorter and thicker (*if you are tall and skinny)
Sharply contrasting colors
Light, bright, warm colors
Wide silhouettes
Horizontal lines**
Bold prints, plaids
Bulky texture
Wide, contrasting belt
Gathers or pleats

42. To attract attention White, yellow, orange, and red Bright colors
Busy prints
Shiny or textured fabric
Clingy fabrics

43. To avoid attention Dark, cool, and dull colors Plain patterns
Minimal structural design
Earth tones***
No applied decoration