1. Abraham Lincoln
Stephen Douglas

3. The Lincoln-Douglas (Illinois Senate) Debates, 1858
A House divided against itself, cannot stand.

4. LINCOLN--DOUGLAS DEBATES
Lincoln and Douglas both running for the U.S. Senate in Illinois in 1858.
The debates were followed by the country because both candidates were interested in running for President in 1860: Slavery was the big issue
Lincoln stated: A House Divided against itself cannot stand. Either we become all one or all the other. The Constitution had ultimately put slavery on the path to extinction: He was against the EXPANSION of slavery
Douglas believed that slavery should be decided by the people: He was for popular sovereignty

5. Lincoln – Douglas Debates: Background
In 1858, Lincoln challenged incumbent Douglas for his seat in the Senate.
(Incumbent – the holder of an office or position)
Abraham Lincoln (left) and Stephen Douglas (right)

6. Lincoln – Douglas Debates
• A series of 7 face-to-face debates held throughout Illinois.
• Douglas & Lincoln gave 200 additional speeches to towns and cities across the state
• Debates followed familiar themes – Douglas defended slavery while Lincoln opposed it
Thousands gathered to watch - bands, parades & fireworks & scenes like this were common

7. LINCOLN--DOUGLAS DEBATES
The Freeport Doctrine: “Honest Abe” tricked Douglas into admitting that Popular Sovereignty could work against expansion of slavery (what if S.C. says slavery can’t be touched?)… Southerners won’t support Douglas for presidency in 1860

8. Lincoln – Douglas Debates
Debates were as much about the men as it was about slavery.
“The Little Giant”
“Honest Abe”
“He was gawky, unkempt, and unassuming. He traveled alone, a forlorn figure with a tattered carpetbag on his lap, lost in silent contemplation.”
Refined, passionate speaker
Traveled in high style in a private rail car, surrounded by advisers & his beautiful wife

9. Resume – STEPHEN DOUGLAS
• Crafted the Compromise of 1850
● KS-NE Act
● Elected twice to HOR and 3 times in the Senate.
Married into wealth – wife inherited a Mississippi plantation

10. Resume – ABRAHAM LINCOLN
• Self-taught lawyer
• Ran unsuccessfully twice for US Senate but served in HOR
Outspoken critic of the Mexican War
First Republican Party candidate – originally sided with the Whig Party, which dissolved in 1856

11. Lincoln – Douglas Debates
Stephen Douglas:
• Lincoln was wrong for wanting to end slavery.
• If Lincoln tried to end slavery, the U.S. could face a civil war.
• Douglas believed that each territory should be able to decide on its’ own whether or not to allow slavery by using popular sovereignty.

12. Lincoln – Douglas Debates
• Lincoln believed that slavery was evil and should be kept out of the territories.
• Lincoln believed that African Americans were guaranteed “life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness”, as stated in the Declaration of Independence.
Did NOT, however, call for the abolition of slavery… only that it not spread beyond it’s current borders.

13. Lincoln’s Senatorial Campaign Speech
LINCOLN (quoting the Bible):
'A house divided against itself cannot stand.'
I believe this government cannot endure permanently half slave and half free. I do not expect the Union to be dissolved -- I do not expect the house to fall -- but I do expect it will cease to be divided. Either the
opponents of slavery will arrest the further spread of it, and place it where the public mind shall rest in the belief it is in the course of ultimate extinction; or its advocates will push it forward, till it shall become alike lawful in all the States, old as well as new -- North as well as South.“
ONE OF HIS MOST FAMOUS QUOTES!!!!

14. Lincoln Gains the Advantage
• Argued that it was the national government’s role to prevent the expansion of slavery
Douglas was conflicted re: popular sovereignty because the Supreme Court ruled it was unconstitutional to take away slaveholder’s property
When asked by Lincoln if he thought pop sov could overrule the Supreme Court, Douglas said:
“The people have the lawful means to introduce it or exclude it as they please.”—Freeport Doctrine

15. Freeport Doctrine (Freeport, IL Debate)
Could the people of a territory legally exclude slavery before achieving statehood?
Douglas replied that the people could exclude slavery by refusing to pass laws protecting slaveholders’ rights
Douglas replied that whatever the Supreme Court decided was not as important as the actions of the citizens.
If a territory refused to have slavery, no laws, no Supreme Court ruling, would force them to permit it.
This sentiment would be taken as betrayal to many southern Democrats and would come back to haunt Douglas in his bid to become President in the election of 1860.

16. Lincoln – Douglas Debates - RESULTS
• Douglas won the election by a slim margin – at that time, the state legislature chose their senators, not the people.
• However, Lincoln became well known throughout the nation.
More than 30,000 copies of the transcripts of the debates were sold in the West and North.
Douglas failed in his presidential campaign to even get nominated, while Lincoln’s won the support of the new Republican Party (leftovers from the Whigs and Free Soil), and eventually won the presidency in 1860.

17. John Brown’s Raid on Harper’s Ferry, 1859
After the 1858 Congressional elections, Southerners began to feel threatened by growing Republican power
In late 1859, an act of violence greatly increased their fears
After John Brown’s raid, his execution became a rallying point for abolitionists.
When Southerners learned of Brown’s connection to abolitionists, their fears of a great northern conspiracy against them seemed to be confirmed.

18. Case went to the Supreme Court for a decision-----National issue
DRED SCOTT DECISION
Slave from Missouri who moved with his owner to Illinois & Wisconsin, both free.
They moved back to Missouri, which still recognized him as a slave, & his master died.
He sued his master’s widow for his freedom, claiming he should be free since he had lived on free land for four years.
Case went to the Supreme Court for a decision-----National issue
Can a slave sue for his freedom?
Is a slave property?
Is slavery legal?

19. Supreme Court hands down the Dred Scott decision
Slaves cannot sue the U.S. for their freedom because they are property.
They are not citizens and have no legal right under the Constitution.
Supreme Court legalized slavery by saying that :
Congress could not stop a slave owner from moving his slaves to a new territory
Missouri Compromise and all other compromises were unconstitutional
North refused to enforce Fugitive Slave Law
Free states pass personal liberty laws.
Republicans claim the decision is not binding
Southerners call on the North to accept the decision if the South is to remain in the Union.

20. SUPREME COURT DECISIONS:
Q: Was Scott a U.S. citizen with the right to sue?
A: NO
Q: Did living in a free territory make Scott a free man?
A: NO
Q: Did Congress have the right to outlaw slavery in any territory?
A: NO

21. RESULTS:
• Dred Scott was not given his freedom.
• The Missouri Compromise was found to be unconstitutional.
Open to slavery through popular sovereignty (Compromise of 1850)
Open to slavery through popular sovereignty (KS-NE Act)
Missouri Compromise line is declared unconstitutional (Dred Scott Decision)