1. Environmental Pricing Initiatives Harry Kitchen Department of Economics Trent University Peterborough, Ontario

2. Current Tools User fees: designed to raise revenues rather than to ration services efficiently. fail to include environmental/social costs Local taxes and infrastructure charges: seldom designed with efficiency objectives do not include environmental/social costs

3. User Fees – For What Services? Water and sewage treatment Solid waste collection & disposal Public transit & transportation Public recreation

4. Current Practice - Water Price structure#of cities% of pop Flat rate48923.4 Volumetric42776.6 Constant30445.4 Decreasing block 84 7.9 Increasing block 3923.3 ** Trends are described in SP’s report

5. Current Practice - Sewer Almost always recovered through surcharges on water bill Mainly flat rates even when water is based on volumetric prices Sometimes, as a % of water bill

6. Current Problems with Water/Sewer Pricing Many municipalities not metered Grants often cause problems Rates do not reflect time of day, season of year, distance from source Asset replacement costs often ignored Opportunity cost not included

7. Water/Sewer Pricing: What Should Be Done? Meters are required Prices should include: asset replacement & opportunity costs cost differences due to time of day, season of year, distance from source

8. Solid Waste: Fees or Local Taxes? Fee per bag/container is most efficient. Studies show fees lead to less trash, more recycling & composting. Fee should cover all operating and opportunity costs (cost of space, for example) of landfill site.

9. Public Transit & Transportation Transit fares - vary by zone & time of use. May be efficient to subsidize public transit from road charges Municipalities should be permitted to: - tax parking lots - have variable vehicle registration fees - issue differential drivers’ licence fees - impose a municipal fuel tax - impose congestion/toll charges

10. Infrastructure Charges Development Charges: To cover growth related costs Variable rates should be used when costs differ across neighbourhoods.

11. Infrastructure Charges (cont.d) Tax Incremental Financing Districts: Used for ‘brownfield’ remediation & city center revitalization and infilling. Stimulates private investment in neglected urban areas. Divides local tax revenue into two categories – i) pre-assessed development and ii) increased assessed value. Assists in discouraging urban sprawl.

12. What Is Achieved from Improved Pricing and Taxation? Improved resource allocation More environmentally friendly Improved fiscal sustainability Better accountability & transparency Fair in its impact on users

13. Key Challenges? Must overcome attitudes re: the notion that user fees are regressive; a reluctance to change current accounting practices; an expectation that senior governments should provide grant funding to fund local services; the importance of proper pricing polices for efficiency, accountability, transparency and fairness in funding local services.