1. Starting System Principles
Uses battery power

2. AUTOMOTIVE STARTING SYSTEMS
Starter Circuit
Electric DC Motor (starter motor)
Solenoid or Relay
Gear Drive Switches & Controls
Wiring
Testing
Removing Starter

3. STARTING SYSTEM PARTS
Battery
Ignition switch
Solenoid
Starting motor

4. STARTER CIRCUIT Battery / Cables Magnetic Switches Solenoids
Pull in Windings
Hold in Windings
Pinion Gear
Starter Relay

5. Starter Circuit Simplified

6. Starter Solenoid Functions
* Close battery to starter connection
* Push pinion gear into fly wheel
* Bypass the resistance wire of ignition circuit
Move the starter drive into mesh w. flywheel
Complete the starter circuit

7. Starting System Action
Turn key
Current flows to Solenoid 1
Energizes solenoid
Connects current to starter motor
Moves pinion forward
Turns starter
Motor turns flywheel
Turns crankshaft
Moves pistons up and down

8. Starter System Action cont.

9. Starter Motor Fundamentals
Converts Electrical Energy
From Battery
Into
Mechanical Energy TORQUE

10. DC MOTOR Basic Components Housings and End Frames Pole Shoes (magnets)
Field Coils
(windings) x 3 or 4
Armature (spins)
Commutator
Brushes x4

11. MOTOR OPERATION Magnetic Field Action
made of invisible lines of force (flux)
flow through wire
flow around wire
alike charges repel
Dissimilar Charges attract(spinning action)
Used to produce motion

12. DRIVE MECHANISM Positive engagement Solenoid-actuated
Movable pole shoe
Solenoid-actuated
Gear reduction drive

13. Simple Electric Motors
Wire loop field
Set up between poles
POLE SHOES

14. Changing Electricity Into Motion
Place windings inside pole shoes
Current through loop
Fields act upon each other

15. Commutators and Brushes
Used to keep motor spinning
by controlling current passing through windings commutator
Sliding electrical connection
Between motor windings and brushes
Many segments
Insulated from each other
Motor brushes
Ride on comutator
(slide on commutator)
Carry current to spinning windings

16. Commutators and Brushes
Increasing Motor Power
several windings
wires
Commutator
several segments
constant smooth motion

17. Armatures
Must produce HIGH torque
turning power
relatively high speed

18. Starter Armature parts
shaft
supports windings/armature
inside housing
Core (holds windings in place)
made of iron (Fe)
increases magnetic field strength
Commutator
for brush contact
Windings
wires

19. Field Windings stationary insulated wires wrapped in circular shape
creates strong magnetic field
around motor armature
5-10 x stronger
than perminate magnets
field in pole shoes acts against field in armature
= motor spins

20. Pinion gear mechanism
Pinion gear
Clutch
Housing

21. Starter Pinion Gears Small gear on armature shaft Engages to flywheel
Meshes
Fly Wheel Turns Engine

22. Overrunning Clutch Locks pinion gear in one direction
Releases it in other direction
Spiral grooves in shaft
Allows starter motor to crank the engine
Protects the starter from damage if the starter is cranked while the engine is running

23. Starter Solenoid High current relay
Makes electrical connection between
Battery & starter
Electromagnetic switch
Handle VERY HIGH currents

24. Starter Solenoid Operation
Key turned (start position)
Current flows through solenoids windings
Produces magnetic field
Pulls plunger and disc into coil windings
Causes disc to touch both high current terminals
Completes circuit battery to starter
Current of A

25. Solenoid

26. Key Released Current disconnected Magnetic field collapses
Plunger slides back
Starter shuts off

27. Increasing Motor Power
Several windings
Wires
Comutator
Several segments
Constant smooth motion

28. RELATED MOTOR TERMINOLOGY
Left hand or right hand rule
Torque
Current Draw

29. STARTER DRIVE END Connects the armature shaft to the flywheel.
Usually shifted out by the solenoid.
Contains an over- running clutch for protection.
Pinion gear meshes with the flywheel ring gear.
Returned to the rest position by a spring.

30. SOLENOID A linear motor
Contains two windings a pull-in and a hold-in winding.
Pushes the starter drive(pinion) into mesh with the flywheel ring gear.
Completes the circuit to the motor.

31. CONTROL CIRCUIT Starting Safety Switch Neutral Safety Switch
On transmission
On Clutch

32. Starting Motor Types classified by: kind of pinion gear engagement
moveable pole shoe solenoid
Movable pole shoe uses a yoke “Y”
moves pinion gear hinged shoe on starter frame
yoke links pole shoe & pinion gear

33. Internal Motor Circuits
3 common internal connections
Series
maximum torque
torque decreases throughout cranking
Shunt
Less torque
More constant torque
Compound
series/shunt
good toque
constant speed

34. Neutral Safety Switch prevents cranking unless in P or N
Ford - brake on
LOCATION
Connected in series with the ignition switch and solenoid
shifter or transmission

35. Starter Relay Uses small current to control a LARGER current
Computer controls circuit (mV)

36. Starter Types Starter Mounted Solenoids plunger moves shift lever
GM/Chrysler
Permanent Magnet Starter
Use high strength permanent magnets
NOT CONVENTIONAL WINDINGS
= MORE torque

37. Starter Motor Torque Must turn engine all components Can Not Stall
Reduction starter
extra set of gears
increase rotating force
higher speeds
higher torque
more constant cranking speeds

38. STARTER TESTING Preliminary Tests Safety Precautions
Troubleshooting Procedures
Battery Load Test
Cranking Voltage Test
Cranking Current Test
Insulated Resistance Test
Starter Relay By-pass Test
Ground Circuit Resistance Test
Voltage Drop to Control Unit
Test Components

39. Problems Starter relay or solenoid clicks Whining Grinding Slow turn
low battery charge
Whining
Plunger stuck
Grinding
Poor engagement
Slow turn
Low battery
Internal short

40. Battery Load Test
VAT 40
All Accessories on
½ CCA

41. Test Cranking Voltage Cranking Current Test Voltage Drop Test
DVOM across battery
Cranking Current Test
Inductive Pick Up
Current draw
AMPS
Voltage Drop Test

42. Tests Test Relay Ground Circuit Resistance Test
Starter Relay Bypass Test
Ground test
Bench test

43. Starter Motor Disassembly