1. By Dr BAHA.M.HASSEN

2. Efforts to averts rather than to cure disease and disability 1- primary prevention.(avoiding disorders before they begin) tetanus immunization,chlorination of water. 2-secondary prevention: recognizing and eliminating of the precursors of the disease screening programs for pap smears,increase blood sugar, scoliosis …etc 3-tertiary prevention: ameliorating the disabilities arising from established disaese,physiotherpy to prevent contractures in chronic neurologic disorder

3. Good intrapartum obstetric care and subsequent effective monitoring The promotion of breast-feeding Policy statements on breast-feeding by pediatric associations management of HIV- positive,TB mothers

4. Breast-feeding should be maintained for at least 3 months. Accidents. Sudden infant death syndrome. Immunization. A healthy diet. Preventive drug prophylaxis

5. Screening procedures

6. Immunization is the deliberate stimulation of an immune response in a person by giving a specific ‘vaccine’ to protect against an infectious disease. Active immunity is the protection produced by the individual and the effects are usually long lasting. Immunization is a simple, economic and effective form of control for some infectious diseases. A vaccine is a protein antigen. Vaccines may be live, killed, toxoids or genetically engineered.

7. causing a mild ‘infection.. A virulent organism is weaken. BCG,MMR,rabies,yellow fever, Sabine polio vaccine

8. antigen inactivated by heat, phenol, formaldehyde or some other means. usually require a series of spaced injections. Cellular pertusis, Salk polio vaccine, typhoid fever

9. induce active immunity. an inactivated toxin.a produce antibodies which inactivate the toxins but do not kill the bacteria. Diphtheria and tetanus toxins

10. 1-Acute illness 2-Previous severe reaction to immunization. 3-Immune deficiency or suppression,acqured or induced. 4-Prrogressive or uncontrolled CNS disease. 5-Specfic situations with cellular pertusis or live vaccine