1. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Chapter 10
Personality
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2. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Personality
Personality – Psychological qualities that bring continuity to an individual’s behavior in different situations and at different times
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3. What Forces Shape Our Personalities?
According to the psychodynamic, humanistic and cognitive theories, personality is a continuously changing process, shaped by our internal needs and cognitions and by external pressures from the social environment
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4. Psychodynamic Theories
Psychoanalysis– Freud’s system of treatment for mental disorders
Psychoanalytic theory – Freud’s theory of personality
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5. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
Unconscious – Psychic domain of which the individual is not aware, but which is the storehouse of repressed impulses, drives, and conflicts that are unavailable to consciousness
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6. Freud’s Model of the Mind
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7. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
Personality structure Id
Superego
Ego
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8. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
Personality structure Id
Primitive, unconscious portion of personality, houses most basic drives and stores repressed memories
Superego
Ego
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9. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
Personality structure Id
Mind’s storehouse of values, moral attitudes learned from parents and society, same as common notion of conscience
Superego
Ego
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10. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
Personality structure Id
Conscious, rational part of personality, charged with keeping peace between superego and id
Superego
Ego
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Anxiety
When the Superego and the Id clash, the Ego must play the role of referee. Freud called this clash – ANXIETY. Giving in the Id (not following your Superego) leads to GUILT. Giving in to your Superego (not following your Id) leads to FRUSTRATION.
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12. Defense Mechanisms
The ego has a pretty important job…and that is to protect you from threatening thoughts in our unconscious.
One way it protects us is through defense mechanisms.
You are usually unaware that they are even occurring.

13. Scenario
Quarterback of the high school football team, Brandon, is dating Jasmine. Jasmine dumps Brandon and starts dating Drew, president of the chess club.
Jasmine
Brandon
Drew

14. Repression Pushing thoughts into our unconscious.
When asked about Jasmine, Brandon may say “Who?, I have not thought about her for awhile.”

15. Denial
Not accepting the ego-threatening truth. Brandon may act like he is still together with Jasmine. He may hang out by her locker and plan dates with her.

16. Displacement
Redirecting one’s feelings toward another person or object.
Often displaced on less threatening things.
Brandon may take his anger on another kid by bullying.
THIS IS THE MOST DANGEROUS DEFENSE MECHANISM!!!

17. Projection
Believing that the feelings one has toward someone else are actually held by the other person and directed at oneself. Brandon insists that Jasmine still cares for him.

18. Reaction Formation
Expressing the opposite of how one truly feels. Cootie stage in Freud’s Latent Development. Brandon claims he hates Jasmine. THIS DOES NOT ALLOW FOR PERSONALITY CHANGE

19. Regression
Returning to an earlier, comforting form of behavior. Brandon begins to sleep with his favorite childhood stuffed animal. Eating a pint of ice cream as comfort food

20. Rationalization
Coming up with a beneficial result of an undesirable outcome.
Brandon thinks he will find a better girlfriend. “Jasmine was not all that anyway!”
I really did want to go to ……..anyway, it was too ……

21. Intellectualization
Undertaking an academic, unemotional study of a topic. Brandon starts doing a research paper on failed teenage romances.

22. Sublimation Channeling one’s frustration toward a different goal.
Sometimes a healthy defense mechanism.
Brandon starts to learn how to play the guitar and writing songs (or maybe starts to body build).

23. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
Psychosexual stages – Successive, instinctive patterns of associating pleasure with stimulations of specific bodily areas at different times of life
Oral Stage
Anal Stage
Phallic Stage
Latency
Genital Stage
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24. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
Fixation– Occurs when psychosexual development is arrested at an immature stage
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25. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
Oedipus complex – According to Freud, a largely unconscious process whereby boys displace an erotic attraction toward their mother to females of their own age and, at the same time, identify with their fathers
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26. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
Identification – The mental process by which an individual tries to become like another person, especially the same-sex parent
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27. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
Penis envy– According to Freud, the female desire to have a penis– a condition that usually results in their attraction to males
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28. Getting into the Unconscious
Hypnosis
Dream Interpretation
Free Association (having them just randomly talk to themselves…and then interpreting the conversation).
Projective Tests (and test that delves into the unconscious).
Examples are TAT and Inkblot Tests.

29. TAT Test Thematic Apperception Test
Giving the subject a picture that is ambiguous (can have several meanings) and ask them what is occurring. Their answers reveal the manifest content. They can then discover the Latent Content.

33. Rorschach Inkblot Test
The most widely used projective test A set of ten inkblots designed to identify people’s feelings when they are asked to interpret what they see in the inkblots.

34. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
Projective tests – Personality assessment instruments based on Freud’s concept of projection
Rorschach inkblot technique
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
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35. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
Psychic determinism – Freud’s assumption that all mental and behavioral reactions are caused by unconscious traumas desires or conflicts
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36. Carl Jung: Extending the Unconscious
Personal unconscious – Portion of the unconscious corresponding roughly to Freud’s id
Collective unconscious – Jung’s addition to the unconscious, involving a reservoir for instinctive “memories” including the archetypes, which exist in all people
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37. Carl Jung: Extending the Unconscious
Archetypes
Animus
Anima
Shadow
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38. Carl Jung: Extending the Unconscious
Archetypes
Animus
The male archetype
Anima
The female archetype
Shadow
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39. Carl Jung: Extending the Unconscious
Archetypes
Animus
Archetype representing the destructive and aggressive tendencies we don’t want to recognize in ourselves
Anima
Shadow
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40. Carl Jung: Extending the Unconscious
Introversion – The Jungian dimension that focuses on inner experience–one’s own thoughts and feelings, making the introvert less outgoing and sociable than the extrovert
Extraversion – The Jungian personality dimension involving turning one’s attention outward, toward others
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41. Carl Jung: Extending the Unconscious
Jung’s principle of opposites portrays each personality as a balance between opposing pairs of unconscious tendencies, such as introversion and extroversion
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42. Karen Horney: A Feminist Voice in Psychodynamic Psychology
Basic anxiety – An emotion that gives a sense of uncertainty and loneliness on a hostile world and can lead to maladjustment
Neurotic needs – Signs of neurosis in Horney’s theory, these ten needs are normal desires carried to a neurotic extreme
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43. Alfred Adler: An early split from Psychoanalysis
Inferiority complex – A feeling of inferiority that is largely unconscious, with it roots in childhood
Compensation – Making up for one’s real or imagined deficiencies
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Humanistic Theories
Humanistic Theories include
Gordon Allport’s trait theory
Abraham Maslow’s self-actualizing personality
Carl Roger’s fully functioning person
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45. Gordon Allport and the Beginnings of Humanistic
Traits – Stable personality characteristics that are presumed to exist within the individual and guide his or her thoughts and actions under various conditions
Central traits form the basis of personality
Secondary traits include preferences and attitudes
Cardinal traits define peoples lives
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46. Abraham Maslow and the Healthy Personality
Self-actualizing personalities – Healthy individuals who have met their basic needs and are free to be creative and fulfill their potentials
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47. Carl Rogers’s Fully Functioning Person
Fully functioning person – Term for a healthy, self-actualizing individual, who has a self-concept that is both positive and congruent with reality
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48. Carl Rogers’s Fully Functioning Person
Phenomenal field – Our psychological reality, composed of one’s perceptions and feelings
Unconditional positive regard – Love or caring without conditions attached
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49. Evaluating Humanistic Theories
Positive psychology – Movement within psychology focusing on the desirable aspects of human functioning, as opposed to an emphasis on psychopathology
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50. Cognitive Theories: Social Learning and Personality
Observational learning – Process of learning new responses by watching the behavior of others
Reciprocal determinism – Process in which the person, situation and environment mutually influence each other
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51. Reciprocal Determinism
Cognition
Environment
Behavior
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52. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Locus of Control
Locus of control – An individual’s sense of where his or her life influences originate
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53. Current Trends in Personality Theory
Family systems theory
Cultural differences
Gender influences
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54. What Persistent Patterns are Found in Personality?
Another approach describes personality in terms of stable patterns known as temperaments, traits, and types
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55. What Patterns are Found in Personality?
Humors – Four bodily fluids that, according to ancient theory, control personality by their relative abundance
Blood
Phlegm
Black Bile
Yellow Bile
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56. Personality and Temperament
Temperament – Basic, pervasive personality dispositions that are apparent in early childhood and establish the tempo and mood of an individual’s behaviors
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57. Patterns in Personality
The “Big Five” traits
Openness to experience
Conscientiousness
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism
Cattell identifies 16 personality factors
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58. Patterns in Personality
Type – Especially important dimensions or clusters of traits that are not only central to a person’s personality but are found with essentially the same pattern in many people
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59. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Assessing Traits
NEO-PI (Big Five Inventory)
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2)
Reliability and validity are important attributes of good psychological tests
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60. Traits and the Person-Situation Debate
Person-situation controversy – Theoretical dispute concerning the relative contribution of personality factors and situational factors in controlling behavior
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61. What “Theories” Do People Use to Understand Each Other?
People everywhere develop implicit assumptions (“folk theories”) about personality, but these assumptions vary in important ways across cultures
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62. Implicit Personality Theories
Implicit personality theories – Assumptions about personality that are held by people to simplify the task of understanding others
Fundamental attribution error – Assumption that another person’s behavior (especially undesirable behavior) is the result of a flaw in their personality, rather than in the situation
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63. Personality Across Cultures
Assumptions people make vary widely across cultures–depending especially on whether the culture emphasizes individualism or collectivism
Other cultural differences involve
Status of different age groups and sexes
Romantic love
Stoicism
Locus of control
Thinking vs. feeling
Attribution
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End of Chapter 10
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