1. PowerPoint Presentations for
Seventh Edition
Philip G. Zimbardo Robert L. Johnson Vivian McCann
Prepared by
Beth M. Schwartz Randolph College
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Chapter 10
Personality
This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law.  The following are prohibited by law: any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or part, of any images; any rental, lease, or lending of the program.
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Personality
Personality
Psychological qualities that bring continuity to an individual’s behavior in different situations and at different times
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4. What Forces Shape Our Personalities?
Personality is shaped by the combined forces of biological, situational, and mental processes—all embedded in a sociocultural and developmental context.
Key Question 10.1: What forces shape our personalities?
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Figure Personality as the Psychology of the Whole Person We can think of personality as the intersection of all the psychological characteristics and processes that make us both human and, at the same time, different from everyone else.
Figure 10.1
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6. What persistent patterns, or dispositions, make up our personalities?
The dispositional theories all suggest a small set of personality characteristics, known as temperaments, traits, and types, provide consistency to the individual’s personality over time.
Key Question 10.2: What persistent patterns, or dispositions, make up our personalities?
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7. What persistent patterns, or dispositions, make up our personalities?
Hippocrates
Humors
Four bodily fluids that, according to ancient theory, control personality by their relative abundance
Figure 10.2
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8. Personality and Temperament
Biologically based
Apparent in early childhood
Establishes the tempo and mood of an individual’s behaviors
Differences arise from balance of neurotransmitters
Influenced by learning
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9. Personality as a Composite of Traits
Stable personality characteristics
Presumed to exist within the individual
Guide thoughts and actions under various conditions
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10. Patterns in Personality
The “Big Five” traits; five fundamental dimensions:
Openness to experience
Conscientiousness
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism
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Figure 10.3
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12. Assessing Traits: Personality Inventories
NEO-PI (Big Five Inventory)
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2)
Important attributes of good psychological tests:
Reliability
Validity
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13. How Do Mental Processes Shape Our Personalities?
While each of the process theories sees different forces at work in personality, all portray personality as the result of both internal mental processes and social interactions.
Key Question 10.3: How do mental processes shape our personalities?
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14. Psychodynamic Theories
Emphasis on motivation, the unconscious, and mental disorders
Psychoanalysis
Freud’s system of treatment for mental disorders
Psychoanalytic Theory
Freud’s theory of personality
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15. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
Unconscious
Psychic domain of which the individual is not aware, but which is the storehouse of repressed impulses, drives, and conflicts that are unavailable to consciousness
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16. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
Drives and Instincts
Eros
Libido
Thanatos
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17. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
Drives and Instincts
Eros
Drives people toward acts that are sexual, life-giving, and creative
Libido
Thanatos
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18. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
Drives and Instincts
Eros
Drives people to experience sensual pleasure
Libido
Thanatos
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19. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
Drives and Instincts
Eros
Libido
Drives people toward aggressive and destructive behaviors
Thanatos
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20. Freud’s Model of the Mind
Figure 10.4
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21. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
Personality Structure Id
Superego
Ego
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22. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
Personality Structure Id
Primitive, unconscious portion of personality; houses most basic drives and stores repressed memories
Superego
Ego
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23. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
Personality Structure Id
Mind’s storehouse of values, moral attitudes learned from parents and society; same as common notion of conscience
Superego
Ego
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24. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
Personality Structure Id
Conscious, rational part of personality; charged with keeping peace between superego and id
Superego
Ego
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25. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
Psychosexual Stages
Successive, instinctive patterns of associating pleasure with stimulations of specific bodily areas at different times of life
Oral Stage
Anal Stage
Phallic Stage
Latency Stage
Genital Stage
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26. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
Oedipus Complex
A largely unconscious process
Boys displace an erotic attraction toward their mother and then to females of their own age.
Boys identify with their fathers.
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27. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
Identification
The mental process by which an individual tries to become like another person, especially the same-sex parent
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28. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
Fixation
Occurs when psychosexual development is arrested at an immature stage
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29. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
Ego Defense Mechanisms
Largely unconscious mental strategies employed to reduce the experience of conflict or anxiety
Denial
Rationalization
Reaction formation
Regression
Repression
Sublimation
Projection
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30. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
Projective Tests
Personality assessment instruments based on Freud’s concept of projection
Rorschach inkblot technique
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
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31. Rorschach inkblot technique
Figure 10.5
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32. Thematic Apperception Test
Figure Images similar to this one are used in the TAT to elicit motivational themes from respondents.
Figure 10.6
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33. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
Psychic Determinism
Freud’s assumption that all mental and behavioral reactions are caused by unconscious traumas, desires, or conflicts
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34. Evaluating Freud’s Work
Objections
Unscientific
Retrospective
Gender issues
Views of the unconscious
Neo-Freudians
Retained the psychodynamic emphasis
Kept idea of personality driven by motivational energy
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35. Carl Jung: Extending the Unconscious
Personal Unconscious
Portion of the unconscious corresponding roughly to Freud’s id
Collective Unconscious
Jung’s addition to the unconscious, involving a reservoir for instinctive “memories” including the archetypes, which exist in all people
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36. Carl Jung: Extending the Unconscious
Archetypes
Animus
Anima
Shadow
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37. Carl Jung: Extending the Unconscious
Archetypes
Animus
The male archetype
Anima
The female archetype
Shadow
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38. Carl Jung: Extending the Unconscious
Archetypes
Animus
Archetype representing the destructive and aggressive tendencies we don’t want to recognize in ourselves
Anima
Shadow
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39. Carl Jung: Extending the Unconscious
Jung’s principle of opposites portrays each personality as a balance between opposing pairs of unconscious tendencies, such as introversion and extroversion.
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40. Carl Jung: Extending the Unconscious
Introversion
The Jungian dimension that focuses on inner experience—one’s own thoughts and feelings—making the introvert less outgoing and sociable than the extrovert
Extraversion
The Jungian personality dimension involving turning one’s attention outward, toward others
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41. Jung’s Opposing Tendencies in Personality
Table 10.2
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42. Karen Horney: A Feminist Voice in Psychodynamic Psychology
Basic Anxiety
An emotion that gives a sense of uncertainty and loneliness on a hostile world and can lead to maladjustment
Neurotic Needs
Signs of neurosis in Horney’s theory, these ten needs are normal desires carried to a neurotic extreme
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43. Horney’s Ten Neurotic Needs
Table 10.3
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44. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved
Humanistic Theories
Emphasis on human potential and mental health
Abraham Maslow
Healthy personality
Self-actualizers
Needs in a hierarchy
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45. Abraham Maslow and the Healthy Personality
Self-Actualizing Personalities
Healthy individuals who have met their basic needs and are free to be creative and fulfill their potentials
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46. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved
Humanistic Theories
Emphasis on human potential and mental health
Carl Rogers
Fully functioning person
Positive and congruent self-concept
Conditional and unconditional relationships
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47. Carl Rogers’s Fully Functioning Person
Term for a self-actualizing individual who has a self-concept that is both positive and congruent with reality
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48. Carl Rogers’s Fully Functioning Person
Phenomenal Field
Our psychological reality, composed of one’s perceptions and feelings
Unconditional Positive Regard
Love or caring without conditions attached
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49. Roger’s Phenomenal Field
Figure 10.7
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50. Positive Psychology: The New Humanism?
Movement within psychology focusing on the desirable aspects of human functioning, as opposed to an emphasis on psychopathology
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51. Social-Cognitive Theories: Emphasis on Social Learning
Observational Learning
Process of learning new responses by watching the behavior of others
Albert Bandura
Expectations of rewards or punishments
People learn through observing what happens to others (role models).
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52. Social-Cognitive Theories: Emphasis on Social Learning
Reciprocal Determinism
Process in which the person, situation, and environment mutually influence each other
Insert Figure 10.8 here
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53. Rotter’s Theory: Locus of Control
An individual’s sense of where his or her life influences originate
Internal vs. external
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54. Evaluating the Social-Cognitive Approach
Focuses on rational information processing.
Overlooks the role of emotion and the unconscious
Solid psychological research provides evidence for this approach.
Provides explanation and treatments for a number of mental disorders
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55. What “Theories” Do People Use to Understand Themselves and Others?
Our understanding of ourselves and others is based on implicit theories of personality and our own self-narrative—both of which are influenced by culture.
Key Question 10.4: What theories do people use to understand themselves and others?
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56. Implicit Personality Theories
Unquestioned assumptions about personality; used to simplify the task of understanding others
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57. The Stories of Our Lives
Self-Narratives
Stories one tells about oneself
Creates consistencies through their personalities over time
Self-concept over time
Redemptive Self
The impact of American culture
A desire to overcome obstacles in the effort to help others
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58. Culture and Personality
Individualism vs. Collectivism
Focus on the individual vs. focus on the group
Fundamental Attribution Error
Overestimating the causes of any behavior as primarily a function of dispositional factors rather than social-situational factors
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59. Biology, Human Nature, and Personality
According to neuroscientists and evolutionary psychologists:
Brain modules that influence personality:
sex
aggression
hunger
thirst
achievement
Environmental Influences:
Early childhood experiences
Birth order
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60. Personality Disorders
Long-standing maladaptive personality patterns
Narcissistic personality disorder
Antisocial personality disorder
Borderline personality disorder
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