2. Objective Assessment of Personality I Pertemuan 1 Matakuliah: Psikologi Diagnostik Tahun: 2010

3. Psychological Tests and Their Uses  Psychological assessment techniques are designed to evaluate a person’s cognitive, emotional, behavioral, and social functioning.  Tests of personality and psychopathology can be further subdivided into two specific types: objective and projective. Bina Nusantara University 3

4. Theories of Personality ?The dynamic organization within an individual of those systems that determine his or her characteristic behavior and thought. ?Enduring, constant, and stable ?Distinctive and relatively stable pattern of behaviours, thoughts, motives, and emotions that characterizes an individual throughout life. Four groups of such theories have been developed in the past century: trait, psychoanalytic, behavioral or social learning, and humanistic views. Bina Nusantara University 4

5. 5 Type of Theory Theorists/TheoryBasic Idea Biological (or trait) Gordon Allport, Raymond B. Cattell Human behavior is traced to the joint effects of the organism’s inherited capabilities and past experience Psycho- analytic Sigmund Freud, Alfred Adler, Erik Erikson, Carl Jung Human behavior is determined by a person’s past experiences, which color his/her perceptions of current events Social learning Dollard & Miller, Bandura, Skinner Human behavior results from an organism’s past learning, current perceptions, and higher- level processes of thinking and organization Humanistic Carl Rogers, Abraham Maslow Human behavior can be understood only in terms of the person’s internal perceptions of self and others leading toward personal fulfillment * Major theories of personality

6. Historical Overview  WW I – U.S. armed services  Army Alpha (verbal) and Army Beta (nonverbal) tests of intelligence for literate and nonliterate recruits, respectively.  Robert S. Woodworth – Personal Data Sheet (1920)  later became known as the Woodworth Psychoneurotic Questionnaire.  Cross-Out Test (Pressey & Pressey, 1919) – categorize emotional states.  lists of pleasant and unpleasant words.  Bernreuter Personality Inventory (1933), which  Six subscales: Neurotic Tendency, Self-Sufficiency, Introversion- Extraversion, Dominance-Submission, Sociability, and Confidence.  1940s Hathaway & McKinley -- MMPI Bina Nusantara University 6

7. 7 Theoretical Considerations of Test Construction  Theoretical Bases  Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-III  Child Abuse Potential Inventory  Empirical Bases  Sixteen Personality Factor (16PF) – Raymond Catell (1940s)  Costa & McCrae (1985) – 5 factor model  Diagnostic Bases  The Beck Depression Inventory  aligned with a current diagnostic system like the DSM-IV-TR (2000) or ICD-10 (1992)

8. Objective tests : Related issues Psychometric concern Range of population Cross-cultural factors Accommodation for populations with disabilities Legal and Ethical issues Bina Nusantara University 8

9. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory Most widely used personality instrument Clinical & Employment settings Measures aspects of personality that, if extreme, suggest a problem Long test ‑ 567 questions Has several different scales (multiphasic) Scales thought to measure different kinds of psychological disorders (e.g., depression) Overall assessment is interpretive –From inspecting profile of different scales Bina Nusantara University 9

10. MMPI Score Profile Bina Nusantara University 10

11. MMPI Validity Scales Four scales designed to determine whether respondent is presenting self accurately. Scales L (Lie), K (Defensiveness), and F (Infrequency) are the validity scales originally developed by Hathaway and McKinley ‘?’ (Cannot say) Scale Example: L scale (‘Fake Good’) - Trying too hard to present self in a positive light. –“I smile at everyone I meet” (T) –“I read every editorial every day” (T) Bina Nusantara University 11

12. MMPI Sample Items I usually feel that life is worthwhile and interesting –Depression Evil people are trying to influence my mind –Paranoia I seem to hear things that other people can’t hear –Schizophrenia Bina Nusantara University 12