2. Unit 17 How can Japan develop heavy industries with limited local fuel and raw materials?

3. What are the raw materials and fuels needed by the heavy industries in Japan? How can Japan develop heavy industries with limited local fuel and raw materials? Raw materials and power required Coal, oil and natural gas are needed for the generation of power. Large quantities of coal, limestone, iron and other metallic ores are required for producing iron and steel. Copper, aluminum, zinc, lead and tin are the mineral ores widely used in heavy industries.

4. How can Japan develop heavy industries with limited local fuel and raw materials? km Iron ore Copper Gasfield Oilfield H.E.P. Coalfield Power and mineral resources of Japan

5. What are the raw materials and fuels needed by the heavy industries in Japan? How can Japan develop heavy industries with limited local fuel and raw materials? Location of industries Railway Export of products Import of raw materials and power Industrial centre in the coalfield Port Iron and steel works Coalfield km Export of products Import of raw materials and power In the early 19th centuryToday

6. What are the raw materials and fuels needed by the heavy industries in Japan? How can Japan develop heavy industries with limited local fuel and raw materials? Location of industries The Port of Tokyo is well known in the world Today the heavy industries of Japan depend very much on imported raw materials and fuels. Japan has a lot of good ports along the coast of southern Honshu.

7. How do imported raw materials and fuels affect the development of Japan’s heavy industries? How can Japan develop heavy industries with limited local fuel and raw materials? Big Foreign Trade Japan exports its manufactured products in exchange for raw materials and fuels with a large number of countries. Top 10 commodity of Imports (2000)

8. How do imported raw materials and fuels affect the development of Japan’s heavy industries? How can Japan develop heavy industries with limited local fuel and raw materials? Big Foreign Trade Japan has large trade surpluses as its exports are larger than its imports. Top 10 commodity of Exports (2000)

9. How do imported raw materials and fuels affect the development of Japan’s heavy industries? How can Japan develop heavy industries with limited local fuel and raw materials? Price fluctuation The prices of imported materials may fluctuate and affect the production costs. The higher the prices of materials, the higher the production costs, which will affect Japan's competitiveness in the world market. Price fluctuation of heating oil US¢per gallon

10. km Crude oil Iron ore Coal Oil Coal Bauxite How do imported raw materials and fuels affect the development of Japan’s heavy industries? How can Japan develop heavy industries with limited local fuel and raw materials? High transport costs Most of the supplies come from very far away sources. To transport coal and iron ore over such a long distance certainly increases the cost of production.

11. Country A Competitor Country B Competitor Country C Market, supplier and competitor km Country D Market Japan Supply of materials Export of products How do imported raw materials and fuels affect the development of Japan’s heavy industries? How can Japan develop heavy industries with limited local fuel and raw materials? Shortage of supply There is the possibility that the supply from a certain country may be greatly reduced or even cut off.

12. What is Japan’s solution to its shortage of raw materials and fuels? How can Japan develop heavy industries with limited local fuel and raw materials? Develop Nuclear Power It accounts for 36% of the electricity supply of Japan and the government is planning to further develop nuclear power. Nuclear power station

13. What is Japan’s solution to its shortage of raw materials and fuels? How can Japan develop heavy industries with limited local fuel and raw materials? Develop Renewable Energy The government of Japan promotes greater use of local coal and a reduction in the dependence on imported oil. A coal plant in Japan

14. What is Japan’s solution to its shortage of raw materials and fuels? How can Japan develop heavy industries with limited local fuel and raw materials? Develop Renewable Energy The government is planning to increase the proportion of its renewable energy. It is now investing heavily in research into improvements in using solar energy and geothermal power.

15. What is Japan’s solution to its shortage of raw materials and fuels? How can Japan develop heavy industries with limited local fuel and raw materials? Use Bigger Bulk Carriers They are used to reduce the cost of transport of raw materials and fuels.

16. What is Japan’s solution to its shortage of raw materials and fuels? How can Japan develop heavy industries with limited local fuel and raw materials? Diversify sources of suppliers Japan always seeks mining concessions and purchase agreements in many different parts of the world.

17. What is Japan’s solution to its shortage of raw materials and fuels? How can Japan develop heavy industries with limited local fuel and raw materials? Shift to high-value added industries The government has also encouraged industries to shift towards less energy-intensive but high value-added industries. Kumamoto Techno Research Park

18. How can Japan develop heavy industries with limited local fuel and raw materials? Power-oriented industries Power-oriented industries ( 動力導向工業 ) - industries that are located at or near the source of power supply for the easy reach of power. Material-oriented industries Material-oriented industries ( 原料導向工業 ) - industries that are located at or near the source of supply of raw materials for easy reach of raw materials. Terms to learn