1. Results

2. Scientific Research Publications
The shape of a research article or thesis.

3. Writing Results section
Read the given Results section. The title of the paper is: A modeling approach to traffic management and CO exposure during peak hours. Don’t worry if the subject matter is not familiar to you or if you have difficulty understanding certain words, especially technical terms such as median exposure. Just try to get a general understanding at this stage and familiarize yourself with the type of language used.

4. Writing Task: Build a Model
You should spend 60–90 minutes on this task. If you can’t think of a good description of the first sentence, choose an easier one, for example Sentence 5, and start with that. Your model is only useful if it can be transferred to other Results sections, so don’t include content words such as traffic or you won’t be able to use your model to generate Results sections in your own field.
Remember that one way to find out what the writer is doing in a sentence, rather than what s/he is saying, is to imagine that your computer has accidentally deleted it. What changes for you, as a reader, when it disappears? If you press another key on the computer and the sentence comes back, how does that affect the way you respond to the information?
Another way to figure out what the writer is doing in a sentence — rather than what s/he is saying — is to look at the grammar and vocabulary clues. What is the tense of the main verb? What is that tense normally used for? Is it the same tense as in the previous sentence? If not, why has the writer changed the tense? What words has the writer chosen to use?

5. Sentences 1 and 2
‘Data obtained in previous studies1,2 using a fixed on-site monitor indicated that travel by car resulted in lower CO exposure than travel on foot. According to Figo et al. (1999), the median exposure of car passengers was 11% lower than for those walking.2’
The writer refers to the findings and conclusions obtained by other researchers.

6. Why not start by describing my results?
If you begin by describing individual results, the reader will need to build an overall scheme or pattern of your results by putting those individual results together. This is difficult for the reader to do; it is your job as a writer to arrange the information so that it is easy for a reader to process it.
As with all subsections, therefore, it is more ‘reader-friendly’ to start with some introductory material. When you start any new section or subsection in your work the first sentence(s) should provide a smooth transition for the reader between the new (sub)section and the previous one.
 two good ways to do this:

7. 1- begin by offering an overview of the current section.
This is a description of the overall pattern or trend of the results. If you start with individual results and your reader puts them together ‘bottom-up’ to create an overall picture of what happened, there is a risk that each reader may end up with a different picture of your results. It is preferable therefore to begin with general statements about what was found (in most cases, generally speaking, overall). Providing an overview enables you to show your reader the ‘wall’ before you begin to describe the ‘bricks’. It is useful to remember that this type of general overview may need to be repeated when you move from one set of results to another.

8. 2- begin by referring back to something from the previous section(s)
2- begin by referring back to something from the previous section(s). For example, you can refer back to:
the general aims of research in this area (which you mentioned in the Introduction)
the specific research problem you are focusing on, or the aim of your project (which you mentioned in the Introduction)
the methodology
the original prediction or assumption to be tested (which you mentioned in the Introduction)
the findings of other research in this area (which you mentioned in the Introduction)

9. Sentences 3 and 4
‘In our study, modeled emission rates were obtained using the Traffic Emission Model (TEM), a CO-exposure modeling framework developed by Ka.3 Modeled results were compared with actual roadside CO concentrations measured hourly at a fixed monitor.’
The writer refers back to his/her own methodology and adds more information about it.

10. Sentence 5 ‘Figure 1 shows the results obtained using TEM.’
The writer invites the reader to look at a graph/figure/table etc.

11. Sentence 6
‘As can be seen, during morning peak-time journeys the CO concentrations for car passengers were significantly lower than for pedestrians, which is consistent with results obtained in previous studies.2’
The writer refers to specific results and compares them with those obtained in another study, using subjective, evaluative language (consistent with).

12. Sentence 7
‘However, the modeled data were not consistent with parallel FOM measurements for afternoon journeys.’
The writer offers a general statement about his/her results to begin a new paragraph.

13. Sentence 8 ‘Although the mean CO concentrations modeled by
TEM for afternoon journeys on foot were in line with those of Figo et al., a striking difference was noted when each of the three peak hours was considered individually (Fig. 2).’
The writer refers to specific results and compares them to those obtained in another study, using language that comments on the result(s) (a striking difference).

14. Sentences 9 and 10
‘It can be observed that during the first hour (H1) of the peak period, journeys on foot resulted in a considerably lower level of CO exposure. Although levels generally exceeded those modeled for car journeys during H2, during the last hour (H3) the levels for journeys on foot were again frequently far lower than for car journeys.’
The writer selects specific results to describe in more detail, using language that comments on the results (considerably lower, generally, frequently far lower).

15. Should I explain my results as well as present them?
That depends on the complexity of your results and the type of paper you are writing. Explanations can be given by providing background factual information to explain why a particular result occurred, for example, information about the properties of the material you are studying or the type of method you used.  Differentiate between: the explanation of a result (why it occurred as it did), the evaluation of a result (what the numbers mean) and the implication of a result (what the result suggests or implies). At this stage your explanations should be limited to fairly direct comments about your results; you will move on to broader explanations and implications in the Discussion/Conclusion.

16. Sentence 11  Why wasn’t this included in the Methodology?
‘A quantitative analysis to determine modeling uncertainties was applied, based on the maximum deviation of the measured and calculated levels within the considered period.’
The writer refers to the method used to analyze the results.
 Why wasn’t this included in the Methodology?

17. Sentence 12
‘Based on this approach, the average uncertainty of the model prediction for this study slightly exceeds the 50% acceptability limit defined by Jiang.7’
The writer mentions a problem in the results and uses quantity language (slightly) to minimize its significance.

18. Sentence 12
‘Based on this approach, the average uncertainty of the model prediction for this study slightly exceeds the 50% acceptability limit defined by Jiang.7’
The writer mentions a problem in the results and uses quantity language (slightly) to minimize its significance.
 Do I need to mention problems in the results? Won’t it make the reader doubt my results?
 So how can I talk about problems in the Results?

19. Sentence 13  Simply some indications.
‘Nevertheless, these results suggest that data obtained using TEM to simulate CO exposures may provide more sensitive information for assessing the impact of traffic management strategies than traditional on-site measurement.’
The writer makes a reference to the implications and applications of the work s/he has done.
 Simply some indications.

20. The Results Section Model
In Sentence 1, 2: the writer refers to the findings and conclusions obtained by other researchers.
In Sentence 3, 4: the writer refers back to his/her own methodology and adds more information about it.
In Sentence 5: the writer invites the reader to look at a graph/ figure /table etc.
In Sentence 6: the writer refers to specific results and compares them with those obtained in another study, using subjective, evaluative language.
In Sentence 7: the writer offers a general statement about his/her results to begin a new paragraph.

21. The Results Section Model
In Sentence 8: the writer refers to specific results and compares them to those obtained in another study, using language that comments on the result(s).
In Sentence 9, 10: the writer selects specific results to describe in more detail, using language that comments on the results..
In Sentence 11: the writer refers to the method used to analyze the results.
In Sentence 12: the writer mentions a problem in the results and uses quantity language to minimize its significance..
In Sentence 13: the writer makes a reference to the implications and applications of the work s/he has done.

22. The Results Section Model (streamlined)

23. The Results Section Model
Test the Model