1. Living organisms are classified into 3 Domains
1. Bacteria
2. Archaea
3. Eukarya
4 Kingdoms in this Domain

2. Domain Eukarya has 4 Kingdoms
1. Kingdom Protista
2. Kingdom Fungi
3. Kingdom Plantae
4. Kingdom Animalia

3. Kingdom Protista Believed to have evolved as the first eukaryotes.
Organisms in this group just don’t fit perfectly into any other Kingdom in the Domain Eukarya.
Most protists are unicellular.
Asexual reproduction is common, but sexual reproduction also occurs.
Most diverse group of organisms of any kingdom.

4. 3 Divisions of Protist Plant like protist Animal like protist
Fungus like protist

5. Diversity of Protists 3 Major Divisions
Plant-like protist
Euglenoids
Diatoms
Dinoflagellates
Red Algae
Brown Algae
Green Algae

6. Second Division of Protist
Animal Like Protist
Amoebas
Flagellates
Ciliates
Sporozoans

7. Third Division of Protist
Fungus-Like Protist
Slime Molds
Water Molds and Downy Mildews

8. Kingdom Protista is very diverse.
15 phyla, based on the way they obtain energy.

9. PLANT-LIKE PROTIST

10. Phylum Chlorophyta: green algae Spirogyra 7000 species of Chlorophyta
Diversity of Kingdom Protista
Phylum Chlorophyta: green algae Spirogyra 7000 species of Chlorophyta
This slide and the following 3 slides are meant to demonstrate the diversity of Phylum Chlorophyta.

11. Phylum Chlorophyta: green algae
Diversity of Kingdom Protista
Spirogyra is a filamentous green algae. They form end-to-end chains of cells. Often found on the surfaces of ponds.
Conjugation 
(similar to bacterial conjugation)

12. Phylum Chlorophyta: green algae
Diversity of Kingdom Protista
Multicellular green algae
Chara is a stonewort, the type of green algae believed to be most closely related to plants.

13. Phylum Chlorophyta: green algae
Diversity of Kingdom Protista
Phylum Chlorophyta: green algae
Volvox is a colonial green alga.

14. Green Algae
Pediastrum, a flat colony of green algae

15. Phylum Rhodophyta: red algae
Diversity of Kingdom Protista
Phylum Rhodophyta: red algae
Commercial importance of red algae:
Agar—laboratory use, gelatin used in Petri dishes
Carrageen—thickening agent in commercial products
Porphyra--sushi

16. Phylum Phaeophyta: brown algae
Diversity of Kingdom Protista
Underwater forests—habitats
Kelp—food, habitats for aquatic organisms
Pectin—used to make gelatin

17. Phylum Bacilariophyta: the Diatoms or Golden Algae
Diversity of Kingdom Protista
Phylum Bacilariophyta: the Diatoms or Golden Algae
Silica—the shells of these organisms found in sand. Used to make glass, concrete,
Diatomaceous earth -dead diatoms settle to seafloor, collected and used in abrasives
Plankton
abundant food source for marine organisms

18. Diatoms

19. More Diatoms

20. Phylum Dinoflagellata: Spinning Algae-2 flagella for movement
Some are photyosynthetic
Some are bioluminescent
Symbiotic
Parasitic
Red tide—population explosion of certain types of dinoflagellates. Kills large amounts of fish. Depletes water of oxygen and releases toxins into the water.

21. Red Tide-Dinoflagellates
The toxins produces by the red tide can make humans sick. Harvesting shellfish is banned during this time.

22. More Dinoflagellates

23. And more Dinoflagellates

24. Diversity of Kingdom Protista
Phylum Euglenophyta
Freshwater
This phylum is a typical example of the difficulties in categorizing protists: 1/3 have chloroplasts, the other 2/3 do not.
No sexual reproduction. Longitudinal fission.
Propels the body through water.
For photosynthesis

25. Many Euglena!

26. ANIMAL-LIKE PROTIST

27. Phylum Zoomastigina: the flagellates
Trypanosomes- transmitted by the bite of a tsetse fly, cause African Sleeping Sickness.
Animal-like protists

28. Trypanosomes are Flagellates that cause African sleeping sickness
Trypanosomes are Flagellates that cause African sleeping sickness. They are transmitted to their human hosts by the bite of a tsetse fly.
Below: Trypanosoma in a sample of human blood X 400.

29. More Flagellates-Zoomastigina Some are helpful and live in the gut of termites and digest wood

30. More Flagellates Phylum Zoomastigina
Diversity of Kingdom Protista
More Flagellates Phylum Zoomastigina
Animal-like protists
Other flagellates are known to spread sexually by infecting the vagina and urethra of women, and the prostate, seminal vesicles and urethra of men.
Giardia Lamblia
Zooflagellate Example 2
Attaches to intestinal tract.

31. Phylum Rhizopoda-Amoebas Move by Pseudopodia
Phylum Rhizopoda- amoebas, including Entamoeba hystolytica
Phylum Foraminifera- calcium carbonate shell
Phylum Actinopoda-radiolarians
Trivia-
White Cliffs of Dover, Egyptian pyramids

32. Amoeba
The projections are called pseudopods or “false feet.”

33. Amoeba

34. Amoeba?

35. Phylum Ciliophora: the Ciliates
Diversity of Kingdom Protista
Phylum Ciliophora: the Ciliates
Very diverse group; very complex single-celled organisms which use cilia for movement.

36. Ciliate-Paramecium

37. Ciliate-Stentor

38. Ciliate-Vorticella

39. Life cycle of Plasmodium vivax, the organism that causes malaria.
Phylum Sporozoa
Life cycle of Plasmodium vivax, the organism that causes malaria.

40. Fungus Like Protist

41. Slime molds, Water Molds, and Downy Mildews
Phyla Myxomycota, Acrasiomycota and Oomycota
“Fungus-like protists”

42. What are Fungus-Like Protists?
Organisms which have some fungus like features
Heterotrophic
Decompose organic material

43. Slime Mold

44. Slime mold plasmodium body & reproductive sporangia stalks

45. “Dog Vomit” Slime Mold

46. More Slime Mold

47. More Slime Mold

48. Unidentified Orange Slime Mold

49. Water Mold

50. Downy Mildews

51. Summary of Protist Most diverse group, autotrophic and heterotrophic
Eukaryotes, single celled and multicelled
Structures: flagella, pseudopodia, cell organelles
Reproduction asexual and sexual
Some are harmless, some cause sleeping sickness and malaria