1. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Q20.2 A. a  b B. b  c C. c  a D. two or more of A., B., and C. E. none of A., B., or C. An ideal gas is taken around the cycle shown in this pV–diagram, from a to b to c and back to a. Process b  c is isothermal. Which of the processes in this cycle could be reversible?

2. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley A20.2 A. a  b B. b  c C. c  a D. two or more of A., B., and C. E. none of A., B., or C. An ideal gas is taken around the cycle shown in this pV–diagram, from a to b to c and back to a. Process b  c is isothermal. Which of the processes in this cycle could be reversible?

3. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Q20.3 A. a  c B. c  b C. b  a D. two or more of A., B., and C. E. none of A., B., or C. An ideal gas is taken around the cycle shown in this pV–diagram, from a to c to b and back to a. Process c  b is adiabatic. Which of the processes in this cycle could be reversible?

4. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley A20.3 A. a  c B. c  b C. b  a D. two or more of A., B., and C. E. none of A., B., or C. An ideal gas is taken around the cycle shown in this pV–diagram, from a to c to b and back to a. Process c  b is adiabatic. Which of the processes in this cycle could be reversible?

5. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Heat engines As heat flows from a reservoir at higher temperature to a sink at lower temperature, work may be removed. Even if no work is removed, maximum engine efficiencies never reach 100% and depend on T h and T c.

6. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley During one cycle, an automobile engine takes in 12,000 J of heat and discards 9000 J of heat. What is the efficiency of this engine? A. 400% B. 133% C. 75% D. 33% E. 25% Q20.4

7. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley During one cycle, an automobile engine takes in 12,000 J of heat and discards 9000 J of heat. What is the efficiency of this engine? A. 400% B. 133% C. 75% D. 33% E. 25% A20.4

8. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley During one cycle, an automobile engine with an efficiency of 20% takes in 10,000 J of heat. How much work does the engine do per cycle? A. 8000 J B. 6400 J C. 2000 J D. 1600 J E. 400 J Q20.5

9. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley During one cycle, an automobile engine with an efficiency of 20% takes in 10,000 J of heat. How much work does the engine do per cycle? A. 8000 J B. 6400 J C. 2000 J D. 1600 J E. 400 J A20.5

10. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Analyze heat engine A gasoline engine in a truck takes in 10,000 J of heat and delivers 2000 J of mechanical work per cycle. The heat is obtained by burning gasoline with heat of combustion L c = 5.0 x 10 4 J/g. (a)What is the thermal efficiency of this engine? (b)How much heat is discarded in each cycle? (c)How much gasoline is burned in each cycle? (d)If the engine goes through 25 cycles per second, what is its power output in watts?

11. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley The internal-combustion engine A fuel vapor can be compressed, then detonated to rebound the cylinder, doing useful work.

12. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley The Otto cycle and the Diesel cycle A fuel vapor can be compressed, then detonated to rebound the cylinder, doing useful work.

13. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Refrigerators A refrigerator is essentially a heat engine running backwards.

14. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Air conditioning, the clever placement of an air conditioner

15. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley The Second Law stated in practical terms You can’t make a machine that does nothing but move heat from a cold item to a hot sink.

16. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley A copper pot at room temperature is filled with room- temperature water. Imagine a process whereby the water spontaneously freezes and the pot becomes hot. Why is such a process impossible? A. It violates the first law of thermodynamics. B. It violates the second law of thermodynamics. C. It violates both the first and second laws of thermodynamics. D. none of the above Q20.6

17. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley A copper pot at room temperature is filled with room- temperature water. Imagine a process whereby the water spontaneously freezes and the pot becomes hot. Why is such a process impossible? A. It violates the first law of thermodynamics. B. It violates the second law of thermodynamics. C. It violates both the first and second laws of thermodynamics. D. none of the above A20.6

18. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley The Carnot Cycle A thought experiment envisioning the most efficient heat engine that might be created. Reversible processes of isothermal expansion, adiabatic expansion, isothermal compression, then finally adiabatic compression.

19. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley A Carnot engine takes heat in from a reservoir at 400 K and discards heat to a reservoir at 300 K. If the engine does 12,000 J of work per cycle, how much heat does it take in per cycle? A. 48,000 J B. 24,000 J C. 16,000 J D. 9000 J E. none of the above Q20.7

20. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley A Carnot engine takes heat in from a reservoir at 400 K and discards heat to a reservoir at 300 K. If the engine does 12,000 J of work per cycle, how much heat does it take in per cycle? A. 48,000 J B. 24,000 J C. 16,000 J D. 9000 J E. none of the above A20.7

21. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Analysis of Carnot Cycles Follow Example 20.2 and Figure 20.14. Follow Example 20.3.