1. Frank R. Leslie, B. S. E. E., M. S. Space Technology, LS IEEE Adjunct Professor, Department of Marine and Environmental Systems, Florida Institute of Technology 2/27/2009, Rev. 1.2.2 fleslie @fit.edu; (321) 674-7377 my.fit.edu/~fleslie Florida’s Approach to a 20% Renewable Energy Transition

2. Gov. Crist Issues a Challenge Governor Crist is a climate change believer Bring renewable energy to 20% of Florida’s usage by 2020 (a goal common to high renewable energy (RE) resource states)  Biomass, solar and wind being researched and developed Greenhouse gas emissions: utility and transportation  Approve reduced auto emission standards --- cut GHG 30% on CAFÉ standards Stimulus money will help renewables develop in Florida Gov. Crist taking a lead from CA Gov. Schwarzenegger for concept transfers 090227

3. Florida Efforts Florida Energy Commission recommended energy law changes to legislature Governor’s Action Team on Energy and Climate Change developed additional recommendations Florida Public Service Commission recommended more energy changes New “Energy and Climate Change Commission” merged functions Transportation creates 40% of FL greenhouse gases Save FL motorists 440 million gallons gasoline by 2016 More hybrid and electric cars needed to reduce petrofuel 090227

4. Coal Plants are Out! FPL applied for a new coal plant to be located near Lake Okeechobee but the Florida Public Service Commission denied the application on emission grounds FPSC denied several other coal plant requests Natural gas is cleaner, but emits CO2, and depletes like other fossil fuels Nuclear power avoids CO2 but is fought by many --- “clean” & “renewable” claim? Federal recovery package dropped “clean” coal and nuclear from $63M bailout 090227

5. Biomass: Farm to Fuel Florida established the Farm to Fuel Program under Dep’t of Agriculture and Consumer Services to develop biomass resources in Florida  Mr. Jay Levenstine is director of the program under Agriculture Sec’y Charles Bronson Develop biomass to biofuel resources Florida Energy Office grants ~$280M in 2009  Provided ~$1.7B in cost matching for other grants 090227

6. Jatropha Biomass for Florida 090224 www.thewoodexplorer.com www.scienceinafrica.co.za

7. Solar Electric Systems FPL plans large scale solar systems to evaluate Florida solar resources and economics Pure photovoltaic or PV solar plants are arranged in east-west rows  Some track the sun in elevation during the day  Modules are connected in series to get required voltage and in parallel to get additional current 75 MW solar thermal plant in Martin County hybridized with existing combined cycle natural gas plant The KSC 10 MW prototype is delayed until May 2009 FPL Desoto County 25 MW PV solar plant 090227

8. 20 MW PV Solar Electric System 090227 Solar plant at Beneixama, Spain – Courtesy of City Solar AGCity Solar AG

9. Solar Water Heating Solar water heating reduces electrical and natural gas usage Hot water heating is most cost-effective and works well for two persons with a 3’ by 10’ rooftop panel Payoff time is about 7 years Systems heat water in direct or even indirect sun and store heat in a large insulated tank Circulation is from a small pump motor that could run from a solar panel to heat water when utility power is out A timer can enable electric heating at sunset in case the tank temperature is below 120°F 090227

10. Solar Thermal Systems Utility-scale systems use concentrating mirrors to heat oil to ~700F; a heat exchanger boils water and makes steam for a turbine-alternator electric system FPL is the largest US owner of these plants in California Tax credits and rebates for solar systems make the economics favorable 090227

11. Solar Electric Generating System 090224 californiaphoton.com www.industcards.com

12. Wind Energy in Florida? FPL is interested in large coastal turbines (within 300 meters of the coast) to evaluate long-term wind energy conditions there  Local NIMBYs are fighting it, and FPL has slow-rolled the project due to further pressure Progress Energy is investigating smaller distributed wind systems for their service area There are few wind turbines in Florida now  Florida Tech has one ten-foot diameter rated 1000 watts at 28 mph wind  There are some others, but not found on the Web 090227

13. Florida Wind Map from 3Tier Group 090227 http://firstlook.3tiergroup.com/?addressSearchField=fl 3Tier sells high resolution maps for a specific area

14. Wind Energy in Florida? Florida wind is low in the inland areas, but is stronger in the coastal zones where ocean wind blows freely Offshore wind energy is much stronger, but is more expensive to install and maintain, thus not as attractive now  Depth of 60 feet or less is economical  Ocean buoy WT assessment possible Use small turbines plus solar for remote, off-grid areas 090227

15. Southwest Windpower Skystream Small Wind Turbine 090227 3.7 meter diam. 1.8 kW turbine www.skystreamenergy.com

16. Ocean Current Energy in Florida? Florida Atlantic University at Dania investigating ocean current energy at their Ocean Energy Center  Gulf Stream is about 4 knots and off Miami about 6 miles  Have an underwater turbine that can be lowered to assess actual generation versus speed  Turbine has 16-foot, strong blades that resist the current forces 090227

17. FAU Ocean Current Turbine Test system to tow current turbine at emplacement depth while towing it to produce the desired current speed 090227 Turbine

18. Transportation Florida is quite flat, thus vehicles need not have the same power as in hilly states along the Rocky Mountains  Tailoring power to the vehicle roads would save gasoline or diesel energy, reducing the amount of crude oil to be imported  Pure electric vehicles are practical since a study shows that 93% of Americans drive less than 40 miles a day  Plug-in Hybrid Vehicles are electrically charged from 120Vac, but an onboard small charging engine can extend the range for hundreds of miles Boone Pickens proposes compressed natural gas for large truck tractors, made available by wind farms producing utility electricity and freeing natural gas for transportation The new Sun Rail light rail service will travel 61 miles from Deland through Orlando to Poinciana 090227

19. Light Rail Service 090227 A Jacksonville, Florida approach to light rail http://www.metrojacksonville.com/content/view/663/116/

20. Conclusions Florida renewable energy is suited by biofuels for transportation and solar for water heating Solar electricity is excellent for low-maintenance distributed energy The initial cost will likely be ~2 or 3 times utility power costs of $0.108/kWh Transportation changes are likely to shift with plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, entering the more affluent markets first but then reaching others as the price falls 090227

21. 080101 Thank you! Questions? ? ? My website: my.fit.edu/~fleslie Roberts Hall Weather: www.fit.edu/wx_fit/roberts/RH.htm DMES Meteorology Webpage: www.fit.edu/wx_fit/observations_&_forecasts/real- time_data/fitroofdata.php

22. References: Books Boyle, Godfrey. Renewable Energy, Second Edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004, ISBN 0-19-26178-4. (my preferred text) Brower, Michael. Cool Energy. Cambridge MA: The MIT Press, 1992. 0-262-02349- 0, TJ807.9.U6B76, 333.79’4’0973. Duffie, John and William A. Beckman. Solar Engineering of Thermal Processes. NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 920 pp., 1991 Gipe, Paul. Wind Energy for Home & Business. White River Junction, VT: Chelsea Green Pub. Co., 1993. 0-930031-64-4, TJ820.G57, 621.4’5 Patel, Mukund R. Wind and Solar Power Systems. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1999, 351 pp. ISBN 0-8493-1605-7, TK1541.P38 1999, 621.31’2136 Sørensen, Bent. Renewable Energy, Second Edition. San Diego: Academic Press, 2000, 911 pp. ISBN 0-12-656152-4. Texter, 090227

23. General: mailto:energyresources@egroups.com rredc.nrel.gov/wind/pubs/atlas/maps/chap2/2-01m.html PNNL wind energy map of CONUS windenergyexperimenter@yahoogroups.com. Elist for wind energy experimenters www.dieoff.org. Site devoted to the decline of energy and effects upon population www.ferc.gov/ Federal Energy Regulatory Commission www.google.com/search?q=%22renewable+energy+course%22 Solar: solstice.crest.org/ dataweb.usbr.gov/html/powerplant_selection.html Wind: http://www.skystreamenergy.com/skystream-info/productphotos.phpawea- windnet@yahoogroups.com. Wind Energy elist http://firstlook.3tiergroup.com/?addressSearchField=fl awea-wind-home@yahoogroups.com. Wind energy home powersite elist telosnet.com/wind/20th.html Ocean: http://coet.fau.edu/?p=pilot Transportation: www.hawaii.gov/dbedt/ert/otec_hi.html#anchor349152 on OTEC systems http://www.sunrail.com/ geothermal.marin.org/ on geothermal energy References: Websites, etc. 090227