1. LATIN AMERICAN REVOLUTIONS

2. The Spaniards attack the Aztecs The Spaniards capture the Inca King

3. SOCIAL HIERARCHY P C M I & A Peninsulares: Native Spaniards Creoles: People of pure European blood But born in the New World Mestizos: Indian + European blood Mulattos: African + European blood Indians and Africans CAUSES M

4. The Haitian Revolution: 1791-1804

5. Modern Map of Haiti

6. Situation by 1789 Events in Europe would shape the history of America The French Revolution began in 1789 & overthrown the monarchy by 1793. Haitians were inspired by the French Declaration of the Rights of Man, and hoped they too would gain freedom. Blacks were especially hopeful.

7. Haitian Revolution, 1791-1804 Haiti is the “jewel” of the French Empire due to its coffee & sugar production; coffee produced by slave labor Pre-rev. Haiti had a distinct, stratified social hierarchy What is unique about Haiti’s revolution is that it was a massive slave revolt, & slaves ran the country after they won Extreme brutality between white French & slaves, thousands massacred during war

8. Toussaint Louverture “I was born a slave, but nature gave me the soul of a free man.” Born a slave, but educated early in life Freed around 1776 “George Washington” of Haiti Owned a small plantation with slaves by 1791 Devout Catholic Extremely able general who turned “common” slaves into effective fighting force Named himself governor for life in 1801, proclaimed Catholicism as official religion of Haiti

9. Aftermath 1 st Independent Nation in L. America 1 st post-colonial black-led nation in the world 1 st successful slave rebellion Economy in ruins Class structure (though different, less strict) still in place

10. Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia: All freed by Simon Bolivar The "Bolivian" Revolutions

11. Simon Bolivar Born in Caracas to wealthy family Friend & mentor Don Simon taught Bolivar about the Enlightenment, liberty, & freedom Entered military academy in Panama at age of 14 Greatly admired American & French Revolutions, and George Washington & Thomas Jefferson Very anti-slavery, but nervous about mixed-race people Did not believe U.S.-style government would work well in Latin America No children, only wife died of yellow fever

12. The Napoleonic Wars (again!) Spanish Americans formed juntas to rule in the absence of the “true” king Junta: Spanish word meaning council The juntas led to confusion and struggles for power between competing juntas Royalists and liberals fought for control of the juntas By 1815 (end of P. War), Spanish America divided between royalists and pro-independence forces The Mask of Ferdinand: did Spanish Americans invoke Ferdinand VII’s name only to achieve their goals?

13. Bolivar’s Military Campaigns Bolivar returns to Venezuela in 1807, given a command by the junta in 1813 As the Peninsular War drew to a close, Spain began focusing on their American empire again Bolivar fought against royalists and forces that did not recognize authority of the United Provinces

14. First Campaign

15. After political & military disputes in 1815, Bolivar fled to Jamaica & Haiti Returned in 1816, defeated royalists and proclaimed independence of Gran Columbia on Sept 7, 1821 Gran Columbia = modern day Columbia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Panama, & northern Peru Bolivar named 1 st president of Gran Columbia Battle of Ayacucho in 1824: Bolivar’s forces captured last Spanish viceroy; considered the end of the Spanish American wars of independence

16. Aftermath Bolivar dreamed of uniting South America into one nation (like the United States) This never happened due to competing interests among the new states Not wanting Gran Columbia to start breaking apart, Bolivar took measures to strengthen central power; named lifetime president then dictator in 1828 Bolivar’s moves angered liberals, who tried to assassinate the leader in the same year Slightly disillusioned, Bolivar resigned in April 1830 to move to Europe; died in September before he could set sail