The Rise of Dictators and World War II, 1931–1945

The Rise of Dictators and World War II, 1931–1945
The rise of fascism leads to World War II. The war is won by the allies and has major consequences for the world. Americas isolationist stand faced a severe test when dictators came to power in Italy, Germany, Spain, & Japan in the 1920s & 1930s British troops advance across the desert during the North Africa campaign of World War II. NEXT

The Rise of Dictators and World War II, 1931–1945
SECTION 1 Steps to War SECTION 2 War in Africa and Europe SECTION 3 War in the Pacific SECTION 4 The Home Front Mussolini Parliamentary government ended in 1928, and the state economy was reorganized along the lines of the Fascist corporative state. Conflict between church and state was ended by the Lateran Treaty (1929). Mussolini was called Duce [leader] by his followers; his official title was "head of the government," and he held, besides the premiership, as many portfolios as he saw fit. His ambition to restore ancient greatness Mussolini was at first cool to Adolf Hitler and opposed his designs on Austria. However, Mussolini's diplomatic isolation after his attack (1935) on Ethiopia led to a rapprochement with Germany. In 1936, Hitler and Mussolini aided Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War; On the German collapse (April, 1945) Mussolini was captured, tried in a summary court–martial, and shot with his mistress, Clara Petacci. Their bodies, brought to Milan, were hanged in a public square and buried in an unmarked grave. Mussolini's body was later removed, and in 1957 it was placed in his family's vault. At the Paris Peace Conference, Italy obtained S Tyrol, Trieste, Istria, part of Carniola, and several of the Dalmatian islands. Italian possession of the Dodecanese was confirmed. However, these terms granted far less than the Allies had secretly promised in 1915. The Fascist leader (Ital. Il Duce) Mussolini , promising the restoration of social order and of political greatness, directed (Oct. 27, 1922) a successful march on Rome and was made premier by the king. Granted dictatorial powers, Mussolini quashed opposition to the state (especially that of socialists and Communists), regimented the press and the schools, imposed controls on industry and labor, and created a corporative state controlled by the Fascist party and the militia. The Fascist economic program as a whole was a failure, but some programs of lasting value (e.g., the draining of the Pontine marshes and the construction of a network of superhighways) were undertaken. The problems caused by an increasing population were aggravated by drastic immigration restrictions in the United States and by the economic depression of the 1930s SECTION 5 The Legacy of the War NEXT

Section 1 Steps to War The rise of dictators in Europe and Asia leads to World War II. Most European nations after WWI faced inflation and unemployment which caused political and social unrest Right wing military leaders came to power in several countries by promising to end the chaos Italy had been on the winning side of WWI, however many Italians thought they had not benefited from the Treaty of Versailles Thousands of Italian soldiers returned home and found themselves jobless Benito Mussolini founded the Fascist Party in 1921– The Fascists believed that a military dominated government should control all aspects of society Mussolini’s followers wore black uniforms and became known as blackshirts 1922 the king of Italy named Mussolini Prime Minister of Italy and granted him dictatorial power Mussolini Limited freedom of Speech Arrested political opponents Restricted voting rights Pledged to make Italy an imperial power Mussolini sent Italians into Ethiopia in 1935 Ethiopia was no match U.S. states neutrality and it only really hurts Ethiopia 1883–1945, Italian dictator and leader of the Fascist movement The Fascist Leader In the troubled postwar period Mussolini organized his followers, mostly war veterans, in the Fasci di combattimento, which advocated aggressive nationalism, violently opposed the Communists and Socialists, and dressed in black shirts Amid strikes, social unrest, and parliamentary breakdown, Mussolini preached forcible restoration of order and practiced terrorism with armed groups NEXT

Steps to War The Rise of Dictators 1
SECTION Steps to War The Rise of Dictators • By mid-1930s, dictators control Italy, Germany, Japan, Soviet Union • Japan, Italy dissatisfied by treaties ending World War I • After WW I Germany treated harshly, loses some territories, all colonies • Forced to disarm, pay war damages, accept war’s responsibility Their rise to power was due to economic and political factors that dated back to the end of WWI Italy and Japan had been on the Allied side of WWI Italy gained less territory than it wanted Japan felt ignored by European Powers Germany– Loser of WWI Lost more than 10% of its territory Lost all overseas colonies Germany was forced to disarm Pay war damages and accept responsibility for the war Both sides have heavy debt issues Mussolini consolidated his authority by gaining the upper hand over both King and Pope. Having grasped the importance of images, he staged a cult of personality in which he presented himself as the epitome of virility. He engaged in colonial wars, the Spanish civil war and, in 1937, formed an alliance with the Axis powers: Hitler's Nazi regime and Hirohito's Imperial Japan. In 1940, he led Italy into World War II. BENITO MUSSOLINI, ( ), Fascist dictator of Italy from 1922 to 1943 He centralized all power in himself as the leader (il duce) of the Fascist party and attempted to create an Italian empire, ultimately in alliance with HITLER's Germany. The defeat of Italian arms in WORLD WAR II brought an end to his imperial dream and led to his downfall • Great Depression causes mass unemployment, unrest worldwide • Many Europeans turn to new leaders to solve problems NEXT

Mussolini, Hitler, and Stalin
1 SECTION Mussolini, Hitler, and Stalin • Italy’s Benito Mussolini begins political movement called fascism • Fascism—extreme nationalism, patriotism, linked to racism: - oppress people with different views • Mussolini becomes Italy’s dictator (1925), called Il Duce (the Leader) Fascists oppressed people who did not share their views 1922 Mussolini became prime minister of Italy Fascism became an organized political movement in March 1919 Mussolini at last entered parliament in 1921 as a right-wing member. When the liberal governments of Giovanni Giolitti, Ivanoe Bonomi, and Luigi Facta failed to stop the spread of anarchy, Mussolini was invited by the king in October 1922 to form a government. At first he was supported by the Liberals in parliament. With their help he introduced strict censorship and altered the methods of election so that in he was able to assume dictatorial powers and dissolve all other political parties Skillfully using his absolute control over the press, he gradually built up the legend of the "Duce, a man who was always right and could solve all the problems of politics and economics. Italy was soon a police state. With those who tried to resist him, for example the Socialist Giacomo Matteotti, he showed himself utterly ruthless. But Mussolini's skill in propaganda was such that he had surprisingly little opposition. At various times after 1922, Mussolini personally took over the ministries of the interior, of foreign affairs, of the colonies, of the corporations, of the army and the other armed services, and of public works. Sometimes he held as many as seven departments simultaneously, as well as the premiership. He was also head of the all-powerful Fascist party (formed in 1921) and the armed Fascist militia. In this way he succeeded in keeping power in his own hands and preventing the emergence of any rival. But it was at the price of creating a regime that was overcentralized, inefficient, and corrupt Benito "Il Duce" Mussolini speaking to an audience in Italy (1934). Continued . . . NEXT

Adolf Hitler (1889–1945), German politician and Führer.
SECTION continued Mussolini, Hitler, and Stalin • Adolf Hitler leads National Socialist German Worker’s Party (Nazi ) • Nazis preach German racial superiority, revenge of WW I defeat • Win control, government (1933), Hitler called der Führer (the Leader) • In Russia, Joseph Stalin succeeds V.I. Lenin • Imposes strict control, crushes any form of opposition In 1933 the Nazis won control of the German Government… Hitler overthrew the Constitution Lenin died in 1924, Stalin succeeded him 1932 Hitler comes to power Hitler blamed Jews, intellectuals, and communists Third Reich– Hitler’s government Prohibited Jews & non Nazis from holding governmental positions Outlawed strikes Made military service mandatory Totalitarian forms of organization enforce this demand for conformity. Totalitarian societies are hierarchies dominated by one political party and usually by a single leader. The party penetrates the entire country through regional, provincial, local and "primary" (party-cell) organization. Youth, professional, cultural, and sports groups supplement the party's political control. A paramilitary secret police ensures compliance. Information and ideas are effectively organized through the control of television, radio, the press, and education at all levels. The government of Nazi Germany was a fascist, totalitarian state. Totalitarian regimes, in contrast to a dictatorship, establish complete political, social, and cultural control over their subjects, and are usually headed by a charismatic leader. Fascism is a form of right-wing totalitarianism which emphasizes the subordination of the individual to advance the interests of the state. Nazi fascism's ideology included a racial theory which denigrated "non-Aryans," extreme nationalism which called for the unification of all German-speaking peoples, the use of private paramilitary organizations to stifle dissent and terrorize opposition, and the centralization of decision-making by, and loyalty to, a single leader. Adolf Hitler (1889–1945), German politician and Führer. NEXT

Italy, 1922 Fascism Fascism Communism Germany, 1933 Soviet Union, 1924
Use the chart below to take notes on the dictators that came to power in Europe during the 1920s and 1930s. Italy, 1922 Fascism Germany, 1933 Fascism Soviet Union, 1924 Communism

Dictators Seek to Expand Territory
1 SECTION Dictators Seek to Expand Territory • Japan conquers Manchuria (1931), Italy conquers Ethiopia (1936) • Germany takes over Rhineland, shock French who take no action • Germany, Italy, their allies form alliance known as the Axis • Supported by Hitler and Mussolini, fascist forces take over Spain Japan seeking land and resources Manchuria is rich in natural resources– Conquered within a matter of months Italy-- Ethiopia one of the few independent nations of Africa Italy had modern machinery U.S. response= Congress forbids arms shipments to both sides Ethiopia suffers from the Embargo On October 3, 1935 Mussolini invaded Ethiopia with three army corps, around 100,000 men. By October 11 the League of Nations invoked sanctions against Italy. The sanctions unified the Italian people against the League. After the attack on Ethiopia, Western Europe turned unfriendly to Italy. In their intelligence reports and their public media the Western great powers began linking Mussolini to Hitler who was determined to establish an Italian empire Germany Troops move into Rhineland (a region of Germany along the French Boarder) a clear violation of the Treaty of Versailles– No action by French or the League of Nations Austria– Was home to mostly German speaking peoples • Hitler invades Austria (1938), welcomed by many Germans, Austrians NEXT

Italian dictator Benito Mussolini rides with German Fuehrer Adolf Hitler through the streets of Rome after announcing the alliance between the two nations, November, 1937

Ethiopia Military Aggression
In foreign policy, Mussolini soon shifted from pacifist anti-imperialism to an extreme form of aggressive nationalism. An early example of this was his bombardment of Corfu in Soon after this he succeeded in setting up a puppet regime in Albania and in reconquering Libya. It was his dream to make the Mediterranean "mare nostrum ("our sea). In 1935, at the Stresa Conference, he helped create an anti-Hitler front in order to defend the independence of Austria. But his successful war against Abyssinia (Ethiopia) in was opposed by the League of Nations, and he was forced to seek an alliance with Nazi Germany, which had withdrawn from the League in His active intervention in on the side of Gen. Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War ended any possibility of reconciliation with France and Britain. As a result, he had to accept the German annexation of Austria in 1938 and the dismemberment of Czechoslovakia in At the Munich Conference in September 1938 he posed as a moderate working for European peace. But his "axis with Germany was confirmed when he made the Pact of Steel with Hitler in May Clearly the subordinate partner, Mussolini followed the Nazis in adopting a racial policy that led to persecution of the Jews and the creation of apartheid in the Italian empire. One of Mussolini's desires for Italy was for it to regain the greatness it had during the Roman Empire. In pursuit of these roots his government funded many archeological excavations, restorations of ancient buildings and new construction in the pseudo-classical style. Mussolini also strove to build a colonial empire in Africa. Italy invaded Ethiopia. Italy's Ethiopian war was not simply a fascist pursuit of a New Roman Empire. It was, mainly, Mussolini following the accepted European path to being a world power by embracing imperialism with a passion. If Mussolini had been around fifty years earlier, in the 1880s, and invaded Ethiopia, Italy would only have been accused of imitating what France and Britain were up to. At that time, these two countries had almost gone to war over a land-grab quarrel at Fashoda, Sudan. By the 1930s the Good Old Boys of the Imperialist Club, prodded by the humanist idealists in advanced countries, had changed the rules. The atrocities that Mussolini's army was accused of committing in occupied Ethiopia are paralleled by the British in India in the Nineteenth Century. France was every bit as brutal in its colonies, even as late as the mid-Twentieth Century in Algeria and Indochina. Comparisons can go on.

1 SECTION Appeasement at Munich • Hitler wants to take over Sudetenland, Czechoslovakia • France, Russia pledge to support Czechoslovakia if attacked • Britain’s Neville Chamberlain meets with Hitler (1938), agree that: - Germany takes control of Sudetenland - Germany promises not to seek more territory • Agreement is appeasement—meet Germany’s demands to avoid war NEXT

Munich Conference Meeting attended by gov’t. leaders from Great Britain, Italy, France, & Germany in which a pact was signed giving Germany control of the Sudetenland. Roosevelt called for European leaders to meet and resolve their conflicts peacefully Hitler & Mussolini joined British prime minister Neville Chamberlain, and French premier Edouard Daladier at Munich in September 1938 The European leaders had opted for a policy of appeasement, giving in to demands in an effort to avoid larger conflicts Many politicians underestimated Hitler’s expansionist goals, believing that Hitler sought only to remedy what her considered wrongs created by the Treaty of Versailles Britain and other nations in Europe sped up their rearmament

Neville Chamberlain Prime Minister of G.B.

They helped the Spanish fascists take control of Spain.
Use the time line below to take notes on the events that led to the start of World War II and U.S. participation in the war. They helped the Spanish fascists take control of Spain.

They were following a policy of appeasement. They
hoped allowing Germany to annex the Sudetenland would prevent war.

1 SECTION Germany Starts the War • Hitler conquers rest of Czechoslovakia, intends to attack Poland • Germany, Soviet Union sign nonaggression pact, both invade Poland • Germany uses new method of warfare blitzkrieg (lightning war): - stresses speed, surprise in use of tanks, troops, planes The German Blitzkrieg, spearheaded by Panzer tanks, revolutionized conventional warfare While Hitler carried out his blitzkreig against Poland, the French mobilized In May of 1940 German armored divisions supported by fighter planes and bombers crashed the Maginot Line– A line of defenses along the French border with Germany • Hitler conquers Denmark, Norway, Belgium, Luxembourg, Netherlands Interactive Continued . . . NEXT

Some might say the Soviets were afraid the Germans would defeat them in a war. Others might say they, like the Germans, wanted to take territory from Poland.

• British soldiers retreat to Dunkirk, British vessels evacuate them
1 SECTION continued Germany Starts the War • British soldiers retreat to Dunkirk, British vessels evacuate them • German troops invade France, reach Paris in two weeks (1940) • Britain’s Royal Air Force fights German Air Force, or Luftwaffe • German planes launch massive bombing attack on London On May 10, 1940 Winston Churchill became Prime Minister replacing Neville Chamberlain On June 10 Italy declared war on France and Great Britain In August Hitler unleashed his bombers against Great Britain The outnumbered British Royal Air Force flew day and night to combat the German blitzkreig • Battle of Britain frustrates Hitler, British do not surrender NEXT

Milkman making a delivery in a bombed-out section of London.

Germany Attacks the Soviet Union
1 SECTION Germany Attacks the Soviet Union • Soviet Union invades Finland, seizes Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania • Despite alliance, Hitler and Stalin distrust each other • Hitler invades Soviet Union, June 1941 • Reinforces armies heading North, South instead of focusing on Moscow • Germans try to capture Leningrad for 3 years, city never falls In November of 1939 the Soviets invaded Finland, and seized Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania Hitler feared Soviet ambitions in Europe and wanted Soviet wheat and oil fields Hitler invades Soviet Union in June of 1941– Inflicted heavy casualties Hitler’s mistake was not concentrating all of his efforts against Moscow– instead he spread them out Siege of Leningrad-- Sept 1941 – Jan 1944 One million citizens died many from starvation Leningrad never fell to the Germans Germans ran into the harshest winter in Russia in decades Soviet Forces drove the Germans back This was undoubtedly the most tragic period in the history of the city, a period full of suffering and heroism. For everyone who lives in St. Petersburg the Blokada (the Siege) of Leningrad is an important part of the city's heritage and a painful memory for the population's older generations. Less than two and a half months after the Soviet Union was attacked by Nazi Germany, German troops were already approaching Leningrad. The Red Army was outflanked and on September the Germans had fully encircled Leningrad and the siege began. The siege lasted for a total of 900 days, from September until January The city's almost 3 million civilians (including about 400,000 children) refused to surrender and endured rapidly increasing hardships in the encircled city. Food and fuel stocks were limited to a mere 1-2 month supply, public transport was not operational and by the winter of there was no heating, no water supply, almost no electricity and very little food. In January 1942 in the depths of an unusually cold winter, the city's food rations reached an all time low of only 125 grams (about 1/4 of a pound) of bread per person per day. In just two months, January and February of 1942, 200,000 people died in Leningrad of cold and starvation. Despite these tragic losses and the inhuman conditions the city's war industries still continued to work and the city did not surrender. • Harsh winter halts German advance, Soviets drive Germans back NEXT

The United States Aids the Allies
1 SECTION The United States Aids the Allies • FDR sets up Lend-Lease Act (1941), allows U.S. to: - lend, lease raw materials, equipment, weapons to the Allies - send $50 billion in war goods to Alllies Lend Lease By the end of the war the lend- lease total = $50 billion 60% of that belonged to Great Britain NEXT

Japan Attacks Pearl Harbor
1 SECTION Japan Attacks Pearl Harbor • Japan joins alliance with Germany, Italy (1940) • Wants to invade Dutch East Indies, needs to eliminate U.S. Navy • Japanese planes bomb American naval base Pearl Harbor (Dec. 7, 1941) Hawaii • About 2,400 Americans die in attack, U.S. planes, ships destroyed • U.S. declares war on Japan, Germany; Italy declares war on U.S. A few minutes before 8 AM, on Sunday, December 7, 1941, Japanese aircraft initiated a surprise attack on the United States Pacific Fleet at Hawaii's Pearl Harbor. The Japanese hoped to cripple the American fleet, which they perceived as the principal threat to victory in a war against the United States. Within a few hours the Japanese had destroyed four battleships and damaged four more, including the USS Arizona (pictured), destroyed other naval vessels and a large number of combat aircraft, and killed and wounded many American naval and military personnel. As a result of the attack, and at the request of U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt, the Congress of the United States declared war on Japan the following day. NEXT

The Japanese leaders believed the United States
prevented them from getting the resources they wanted from southeast Asia.

War in Africa and Europe
Northern Section 2 War in Africa and Europe The Allies defeat the Axis powers in Europe and Africa. NEXT

Passed before Pearl Harbor
2 SECTION War in Africa and Europe Mobilizing for War 2/3 were drafted • In U.S., millions volunteer for armed forces, millions more drafted • Selective Service Act—men between ages 18-38 register, military Passed before Pearl Harbor • Mexican, African, Asian and Native Americans enlist -to sign up • African Americans, some Japanese Americans serve in segregated units 300,000 Mexican Americans fought in Europe and Asia Nearly 1 million African Americans served 99th fighter squadron– Tuskegee Airmen consisted of African American Pilots they served in North Africa and Italy 92nd infantry division was the one black division in involved in infantry combat in Europe during WWII. Unit began fighting in 1944 after the government reversed its official policy to restrict African American soldiers to noncombatant assignments More than 300,000 women also served in North Africa and Italy Many worked for the Women’s Army Corps (WAC) as mechanics, drivers, and clerks Army and Navy Nurse corps Others joined the U.S. Navy and Coast Guard where they performed important non-combat duties Selective Training and Service Act was passed before the attack on Pearl Harbor Provided for the first peacetime draft in American History Law required men between the ages of later to register Local draft boards determined fitness and deferred men for family, religious, or health reasons About 2/3 of the men who participated were draftees Women WAACs-- Women’s Auxiliary Army Corps WASPs-- Women’s Airforce Service Pilots WAVEs-- Auxiliary branches of the Navy SPARs-- Coast Guard Marines Worked as nurses, did office work, drove vehicles, ferried planes Most women served on the home front Women in the Army Nurse Corps & Navy Nurse Corps tended wounded soldiers -separated by race 1st peacetime Draft • Women serve in armed forces, also join Army, Navy Nurse Corps Noncombat roles Japanese-Americans in the U.S. military. NEXT

3. Allied leaders believed they had to win here first.
2 SECTION Northern Battles in Africa and Italy Why Africa 1st? • Britain fights Axis forces for control of northern Africa, Suez Canal 1 Why? Oil Fields (shortest route to the mideast) • General Erwin Rommel commands Germany’s troops in Africa The Desert Fox Afrika Korps • British stop German advance toward the Suez Canal (1942) Battle of El Alamein • U.S. General Dwight D. Eisenhower, Allied troops land, northern Africa Americans and Russians wanted to land in France as soon as possible– British wanted to secure the Med. Sea. Churchill– Believed that the Allies were not prepared for such an invasion and convinced them to drive the Germans out of Northern Africa especially Egypt (need access to to the Suez Canal) Suez Canal is important because it is the shortest route to Asia and the Middle Eastern Oil Fields Rommel= The Desert Fox– Commander of Germany’s Afrika Korps with two powerful tank divisions El Alamein– Germans v British US arrives November 42 advance toward Tunisia Feb 1943 the two sides clashed Americans fall and then regroup May 43 Axis powers surrendered in Northern Africa Several fierce battles took place in Tunisia May the Axis forces of some 250,000 men surrendered The Allies controlled the Mediterranean Allies could now establish bases from which to attack southern Europe Invasion of Italy got under way with an attack on the island of Sicily July 43– Month of fighting Italians overturned Mussolini and surrendered to the Allies in Sept of 43 American supplies and troops began to make a difference by 1942 In September of 1942 the German Army was at Stalingrad and Gen. Rommel was at the gates of Egypt with his touted Afrika Corp. The Allies desparately needed a second front to reverse the eastern assault of the Axis armies. Operation Torch was devised to be that second front On 8 November 1942, Anglo-American forces landed in Vichy French North Africa. The landings were divided into three areas, Eastern, Centre, and Western Task Forces. The American Western Task Force had as its objectives the Morroccan city of Casablanca and several other ports. The British comprised the majority of the Eastern Task Force whose objective was the Algerian capital, Algiers. • Defeated by Rommel, regroup, force Axis in northern Africa to surrender 3. Allied leaders believed they had to win here first. 2 • Allies establish base from which to attack southern Europe Result Continued . . . NEXT

British troops advancing across the desert during the North Africa campaign.

Battle of El Alamein Northern Africa British Victory
Axis under leadership of Rommel vs British under the leadership of Bernard Montgomery Rommel suffered from supply & troop shortages This British victory helped turn the corner for the Allies in North Africa July 1942 The Battle of El Alamein in late 1942 was the decisive battle of the North African campaign that lasted from 1940 until El Alamein was located 70 miles west of the main Egyptian port of Alexandria and could not be outflanked because movement of vehicles was restricted to a corridor of 40 miles between the sea and the impassable Quattara depression. Northern Africa

Erwin Rommel German military leader Erwin Rommel was promoted to field marshal after displaying his genius in desert-warfare tactics in North Africa during World War II (1939–1945). After his eventual defeat by British Lieutenant General Bernard Montgomery in August 1942, Rommel was transferred by Hitler to defend the beaches of Normandy, in northern France, against the anticipated Allied invasion. renowned for his African desert victories during World War II He achieved a brilliant record as a tactician in desert warfare, driving the British from Libya to Al 'Alamayn (El 'Alamein) by June 1942; his victories earned him promotion to field marshal as well as the nickname the Desert Fox Accused of complicity in the attempt on Hitler's life in July 1944, he chose to take poison rather than stand trial.

Island off the coast of Italy
2 SECTION Island off the coast of Italy continued Battles in Africa and Italy • Allies force Germans out of Sicily (1943), sweep into Italy • Mussolini imprisoned, escapes, Italy surrenders to Allies (Sept. 1943) 1st Axis capitol to fall NEXT

Not all of these problems were solved when the Americans decided to invade the North African French colonies in 1942. Driven by Stalin’s relentless pressure to open a second front in 1942, and by a desire to get into the fight, the Americans decided to land an Army in the rear of the Afrika Korps line of retreat from their loss at El Alamein. The Americans skirted the dangerous U-boat infested sea-lanes to England and sailed their convoys through the less defended South Atlantic. In a bold move, the ships were combat-loaded in East Coast seaports and did not stop, disembarking their troops and equipment in Morocco and Algeria The first major Anglo-American operation of the war was commanded by Dwight D. Eisenhower form his base at Gibraltar. While it was successful, months of hard fighting against the Germans remained that would test both the Anglo-American alliance and the green American fighting men. He commanded the Allied Forces landing in North Africa in November 1942; on D-Day, 1944, he was Supreme Commander of the troops invading France. But in 1941, this remarkable soldier was nearing the end of an undistinguished military career that had afforded him few opportunities to demonstrate his leadership. Yet, within three years and under the intense pressure of a global war, he rose to become Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces in Europe Eisenhower

Italy Mussolini Ousted Sicily Fell Aug ’43
Sept. ’43 Italy signs Armistice June ’44 Rome becomes the first Axis Capitol to Fall Use Sicily as a launching pad of Italian Mainland ½ million troops landed in July of 43 Italian King replaces Mussolini and orders his arrest Germany took Mussolini and set up a base for him in Northern Italy 2 days after the Italian government signed their armisitice the allies invaded southern Italy The Allies took Naples on October 1, but became bogged down and failed at Anzio in Jan. 44 The Allies reached Rome in June of ’44 American, British, and troops from 25 more countries moved slowly northward In late April Mussolini was captured and Shot

Use the time line below to take notes on the course of the war in Africa and Europe.
Churchill convinced the Americans that it would be better to drive the Germans out of Africa first. Then they could invade Europe through Italy.

The Allied Advance and D-Day
2 SECTION The Allied Advance and D-Day Important industrial center in USSR • Germans attack Stalingrad, after harsh winter surrender to Soviets (1943) • D-Day—Allied forces invade Normandy in France (June 6, 1944) Eisenhower in charge Across the English Channel • After suffering severe losses, Allies secure Normandy beaches D-Day Operation Overlord Free • Allied forces pour into France, liberate Paris • U.S. soldier Audie Murphy kills 50 enemy troops, gets Medal of Honor Stalingrad was important industrial city Harsh winter Many trapped Germans froze or starved to death Started Sept and ended Feb 1943 D-Day More than 5,000 ships and landing craft carried more than 130,000 soldiers across the English Channel American, British and Canadian Forces Confusion by Germans over where the attack would actually take place More than 10,000 were killed or wounded as they landed By the end of the day the Allies had secured the beaches By the end of June 850,000 Allied troops had poured into France Aug 25 Allied forces had liberated Paris Allied forces moved from West to East– Soviet forces moved East to West Battle of the Bulge-- Germany’s final assault Ardennes region in Belgium and Luxembourg Axis pushed a bulge in the line U.S. Forces regrouped and defeated the Germans German Casualties = 120,000 and American were 80,000 • Battle of the Bulge—German troops attack Allies, defeated Germany’s Final assault NEXT

Operation Overlord– the long awaited allied invasion of German Occupied France
Commanded by Eisenhower The Allies put in place a series of Dummy installations and false clues to convince the Germans that the invasion would take place near Calais June 6, 1944 D-Day Nearly 5,000 troop transports, landing craft, and warships carried some 150,000 American, British, & Canadian Soldiers across the English Channel Planes dropped close to 23,000 airborne troops and bombed road, bridges, and German Troop concentrations The Germans had fortified the Normandy beaches with concrete bunker, tank traps, and mines. Hitler refused to send reinforcements believing the bigger invasion was yet to come Allies liberated Paris on August 25, 1944 By early september there were more than 2 million Allied troops in Western Europe

Battle of the Bulge The largest land battle of World War II
The Battle of the Bulge which lasted from December 16, 1944 to January 28, 1945 was the largest land battle of World War II in which the United States participated. More than a million men fought in this battle including some 600,000 Germans, 500,000 Americans, and 55,000 British. The German military force consisted of two Armies with ten corps(equal to 29 divisions). While the American military force consisted of a total of three armies with six corps(equal to 31 divisions). At the conclusion of the battle the casualties were as follows: 81,000 U.S. with 19,000 killed, 1400 British with 200 killed, and 100,000 Germans killed, wounded or captured. Although Germany’s situation was grave, Hitler would not give up By Sept. of 44 Allies had crossed the German Border. Germans launched their last counterattack In heavy snow the Germans drove against the allies in the thickly wooded ardennses region of Belgium and northern France Pushing them westward and creating a dangerous bulge in the Allied lines The largest land battle of World War II in which the United States participated

German Soldier

American Prisoner taken during the offense

Americans taking German Prisoners

Dead American Soldiers at crossroads in Belgium

It was the last major advance made by the Germans.
The Soviet victory forced the Germans to give up their hopes of conquering the Soviet Union. They thought the Allied invasion of France would occur at Calais, not Normandy. It was the last major advance made by the Germans.

Victory in Europe 2 Soviet Union G.B.
SECTION Victory in Europe Soviet Union G.B. • Allied leaders FDR, Winston Churchill, Joseph Stalin meet in Yalta --Soviet Union • Yalta Conference—plans made for end of war, Europe’s future: - Stalin promises to declare war on Japan after Germany surrenders - establish a postwar international peace-keeping organization - discuss types of government to be set up in Eastern Europe 1 United Nations 2 February of 1945 Plan for postwar peace World War II meeting (February 4-11, 1945), of United States President Franklin Roosevelt, Prime Minister Winston Churchill of Britain, and Premier Joseph Stalin of the USSR. The conference was held in the vicinity of Yalta, Crimea, in Ukraine. It marked the high point of Allied unity and followed a similar meeting held in Tehran (Teheran), Iran, 14 months earlier; it was devoted to the formulation of Allied military strategy and to negotiations on a variety of political problems. A communique, known as the Yalta Declaration, was issued by the conference on February 11. It declared the Allied intention to "destroy German militarism and Nazism and to ensure that Germany will never again be able to disturb the peace of the world"; to "bring all war criminals to just and swift punishment"; and to "exact reparation in kind for the destruction wrought by the Germans." Reference was made to a decision to divide Germany into three zones of occupation and to govern it through a central control commission, situated in Berlin; 3 Continued . . . NEXT

This photo shows a part of the scenic waterfront in Yalta, where the Yalta Conference was held in The three Allied leaders—United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, and Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin—discussed the defeat of Germany and the subsequent peace arrangements. One decision made at the conference was to divide Germany into three zones of occupation. however, provision was made to invite France "to take over a zone of occupation, and to participate ... [in] the control commission." Provision was made for a reparations commission to work in Moscow. The declaration also announced that a "conference of United Nations" would be held in San Francisco in April. With respect to the "establishment of order in Europe," the declaration stated the intention of the signatories to assist liberated countries or former satellites of the Axis powers in Europe in the formation of democratic interim governments through free elections. It confirmed the possession of eastern Poland by the USSR, declaring that by way of compensation, "Poland must receive substantial accessions of territory in the north and west," that is, at the expense of Germany.

In February 1945 the leaders of the Allied powers, known as the Big Three, met at Yalta on the Crimean Peninsula to discuss Allied military strategy in the final months of World War II. The leaders included British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, left, American President Franklin Roosevelt, center, and Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin, right. An important agreement reached at Yalta but not disclosed until later provided for a Soviet declaration of war on Japan within 90 days of the end of the war in Europe. After the defeat of Japan, the USSR was to receive the southern half of Sakhalin Island, the Kuril Islands, and special privileges on the Chinese mainland. Text of the Yalta agreement was released in 1947

• FDR dies, vice-president Harry S. Truman succeeds him April 1945
2 SECTION continued Victory in Europe • FDR dies, vice-president Harry S. Truman succeeds him April 1945 • Russians reach Berlin, Hitler commits suicide, Germany surrenders • Allies declare May 8, V-E Day (Victory in Europe Day) NEXT

Write a brief paragraph explaining the significance of the following term–
Yalta Conference The Yalta Conference was a meeting between Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin held at Yalta. At this meeting, they made plans for the end of the war.

The Horrors of the Holocaust
2 SECTION The Horrors of the Holocaust • Allies discover concentration camps where Jews, others murdered • During the Holocaust Nazis kill: - about 6 million Jews - millions of people from other ethnic groups - 11 million people in all • Hitler preaches hatred of Jews, blames Jews for Germany’s problems Concentration camps were scattered throughout German- occupied Europe The Holocaust killed more than two-thirds of the Jews in Europe Killed people of other Ethnic groups… including Gypsies, Russians, and Poles and estimated 11 million were killed in all -Take away citizenship -Ghettos -Final Solution -Concentration camps -Extermination Continued . . . NEXT

Hostility towards Jews
2 SECTION Hostility towards Jews continued The Horrors of the Holocaust • Hitler enforces anti-Semitism, denies Jews their rights, possessions • Starts “The Final Solution”—kill every Jew under German rule • Germans cram Jews into concentration camps • Force able-bodied to work, rest are slaughtered • Kill hundreds at a time in gas chambers, then burn bodies in ovens • In largest concentration camp, Auschwitz, more than 1 million murdered Former prisoners at Wobbelin Concentration Camp are taken to a hospital. The U.S. Army 82nd Airborne Division liberated the camp on May 2, 1945. NEXT

During World War II, German Nazis imprisoned between 7 million and 8 million people, mostly European Jews, in 22 concentration camps. By 1945 the Nazis had murdered more than 6 million of the inmates. Some were killed by firing squads, others died of starvation or as a result of experiments performed on them by German doctors and scientists, and most died in poison gas chambers. When Allied forces liberated the camps in 1945, they found them littered with thousands of unburied dead. The majority of the survivors were suffering from disease or starvation.

The crematorium shown here is one of four at the Birkenau death camp in Poland, also known as Auschwitz II. It was used to incinerate the bodies of people killed in the camp’s four gas chambers. Birkenau, along with the nearby Auschwitz complex, was the site of scientifically planned and executed genocide during World War II ( ). It is estimated that at least two million people were killed at the Auschwitz complex and at Birkenau during the war.

The remains of hundreds of prisoners, victims of the Nazi genocide of World War II, lie in a mass grave at the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp in Germany. Between 5.6 million and 5.9 million Jews and millions of others were killed in this genocide, which became known as the Holocaust.

The Holocaust was the killing of 6 million
Write a brief paragraph explaining the significance of the following term– Holocaust The Holocaust was the killing of 6 million Jews and about 5 million people of other groups, such as Gypsies, Russians, and Poles by the Nazis during World War II. It was one of the greatest abuses of human rights in world history.

War in the Pacific Section 3
After early losses, the Allies defeat the Japanese in the Pacific. NEXT

Japan Expands Its Empire
3 SECTION War in the Pacific Japan Expands Its Empire Japan moves quickly • Japan conquers Hong Kong, Thailand, U.S. islands Guam, Wake By Christmas • Attacks Malaya, Burma, defeats British forces • Invades Philippines, meets stiff resistance from U.S., Filipino troops U.S. territory • In Philippines, U.S. General Douglas MacArthur told to withdraw “I shall return” By Christmas, Japan controlled Hong Kong, Thailand, and the U.S. Islands of Guam and Wake– Started this at the same time as Pearl Harbor Japanese also attack Southeast Asia attacking Malaya and Burma which along with Hong Kong belonged to the British (they could not hold back the Japanese) Philippines Japan invaded the Philippines in Dec 41 and pushed the Allies from the capital city of Manila onto the Bataan Peninsula Then American and Filipino forces led by Gen Douglas MacArthur fought the Japanese to a standstill for several months FDR ordered MacArthur to withdraw to a threatened Australia in March of 1942 After MacArthur left the Japanese launched an offensive in the Philippines. U.S. troops surrendered and endured the brutal Bataan Death March “I Shall return” –MacArthur In December of 1941 the Japanese launched attacks on several American Island, on the Philippines, and on various British possessions January Japan took Manila– the capital of the Philippines February Japan took over the British naval base at Singapore Battle of Java Sea-- Crushed a fleet of American, British, Dutch, & Australian warships By April Japan had conquered most of the Netherlands East Indies… had supplies of oil, tin, rubber, and other vital war materials. • U.S. troops on Bataan surrender to Japan, endure Bataan Death March Peninsula in the Philippines NEXT

Guam, the largest and southernmost island of the Mariana archipelago, is the westernmost possession of the United States, and has been since The island is approximately 6,000 miles west of San Francisco; 3,700 miles west-southwest of Honolulu; 1,500 miles southeast of Tokyo; 2,100 miles southeast of Hongkong; 1,500 miles east of Manila; and 3,100 miles northwest of Sydney at 13 north latitude and 144 East longitude. The Marianas Trench, the deepest known ocean depth (-39,198 ft.), is located southeast of Guam.

Guam Photo enhanced by a visitor to our site named The original picture of Southern Guam with Cocos Island at its bottom was taken by a Navy photographer and presented to former Congressman Blaz during the early 1980's. The photo was taken so high up that large buildings are invisible. The island is made visually smaller by the photo but is actually significant in size.

AN UNINCORPORATED U.S. TERRITORY, Guam lies in the Pacific Ocean halfway between Japan and Indonesia. Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan encountered the island in Settlers subsequently arrived from Japan, the Philippines, Spain and the United States. Although the island's residents are officially U.S. citizens, they cannot vote in U.S. presidential elections. The self-governing territory hosts both Japanese tourists and U.S. military personnel, who account for one quarter of Guam's population.

Overview: Many islands and groups of islands, generally associated to one another by culture and heritage of their native Pacific or Caribbean inhabitants, were "named" by foreign explorers during the pre-20th Century era of discovery and colonial conquest. Western powers, in virtually all cases, ignored names previously used by their respective inhabitants. Such was indeed the case in the Aelon Kein, which today bears a name of a British explorer -- the Marshall Islands. Little did the Spanish Explorer Alvaro de Mendaña realize, as the first western "discoverer" of the northern "Marshalls" in 1568, that the atoll above was already called Eneen-Kio (also written Enen-kio) Atoll. The USA was equally ignorant in its seizure of Eneen-Kio Atoll on January 17, 1899. Location: Oceania, atoll in the North Pacific Ocean, about two-thirds of the way from Hawaii to the Northern Mariana Islands; northernmost in the Ratak (sunrise) chain of Marshall Islands, 840 nm north of Majuro, MI. Location Map (Adobe format) Area: total: 22.7 sq km (6.6 sq mi) land: 9.8 sq km (2.85 sq mi) lagoon: 12.9 sq km (3.75 sq mi) Peale I sq km (0.4 sq mi); Wake I sq km (2.14 sq mi); Wilkes I sq km (0.31 sq mi) Area—comparative: about 11 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC

Wake Island, formerly Halcyon Island, coral atoll, territory of the United States, central Pacific Ocean. It is a group of three islets (Wake, Peale, and Wilkes) that enclose a shallow lagoon. First sighted by Spanish explorers in 1568, the island was visited by the British in Wake Island was formally occupied by the U.S. in In 1934 it was placed under the jurisdiction of the U.S. Department of the Navy, and in 1935 a commercial air base was established on the atoll to serve planes on flights between the U.S. and the Orient. Construction of a naval air base and a submarine base on Wake Island was begun in On December 7, 1941, during World War II, immediately after the Japanese surprise attack on Pearl Harbor, Japanese air and naval forces attacked Wake Island. After a heroic defense against overwhelming odds, the small garrison surrendered on December 23. The U.S. flag was again raised over Wake Island in September 1945, following the Japanese surrender. The U.S. Army Space and Strategic Defense Command took over administration of Wake Island from the U.S. Air Force in October Area, 8 sq km (3 sq mi); population (1997) 126.

Hong Kong, administrative region of China, consisting of a mainland portion located on the country's southeastern coast and about 235 islands. Hong Kong was a British dependency from the 1840s until July 1, 1997, when it passed to Chinese sovereignty as the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR). The British control of Hong Kong began in 1842, when China was forced to cede Hong Kong Island to Britain after the First Opium War. This wave of population growth was halted during World War II ( ) when Japanese forces invaded and occupied Hong Kong for almost four years.

Thailand is the only Southeast Asian country never to have been occupied by any European or other foreign power, except in war. The country was known as Siam until 1939 (when it was renamed Thailand), and again for a few years in the late 1940s. In 1949 the name Thailand was adopted a second time. On December 8, 1941, Japanese troops landed on Thailand's southern coast. This was around the same time that the Japanese launched attacks on Pearl Harbor, Midway, Guam, Manila, Hong Kong, and other sites. After tense meetings with the Japanese and his cabinet, Phibun agreed to allow the Japanese to move their troops through Thailand to invade and occupy the British-controlled Malay Peninsula, Singapore, and Burma. In January 1942 Thailand declared war against Britain and the United States. In 1943 Japan rewarded the Phibun government for its cooperation with the Japanese by awarding Thailand part of the territory that had been incorporated into British Burma in 1885 and the four Malay states that Siam had been forced to cede in 1909.

General Douglas MacArthur "I shall return"
Small force of Americans and Filipinos under the General Douglas MacArthur, commander of U.S. Army Troops in the Far East, mounted a heroic but hopeless resistance against the Japanese. They withdrew to the Bataan Peninsula across manilla bay MacArthur is ordered to Australia and he vowed “I shall return”

Bataan Death March . During the march from Mariveles, on the southern end of the Bataan Peninsula, to San Fernando, 55 miles away, 76,000 American and Filipino prisoners of war were bound, beaten, or killed by their Japanese captors. Some were bayoneted when they fell from exhaustion. Some were forced to dig their own graves and were buried alive. Only 56,000 prisoners reached camp alive. Thousands of them later died from malnutrition and disease. In August, 1945, the Russian Army liberated the prison camp in Mukden and the first Americans they saw were at the Harbor of Darien, Manchuria, when the U.S. Navy loaded the prisoners aboard a ship for the long-awaited trip home....to the U.S.A. Hungry, sick, exhausted survivors who remained on Bataan surrendered in April Japanese soldiers forced some 70,000 survivors to march through the jungle on their way to prison camp More than 10,000 died on the way (beaten, shot, or prevented from drinking water

Richard Gordon: I didn't come down with a surrender group
Richard Gordon: I didn't come down with a surrender group. They caught me actually two days after the surrender took place. First thing I did was receive a good beating. And everything I had in my wallet, in my pockets was taken from me. And as I was marched down that road, where they captured me, I passed my battalion commander, Major James Ivy, and he had been tied to a tree and he was stripped to the waist and he was just covered with bayonet holes. He was dead obviously. And he had bled profusely. He had been bayonetted by many, many bayonets. And that's when I knew we had some troubles on our hands. We were in for deep trouble. And they brought us down into a staging area and put me in with the rest of the thousands that were assembled on the side of the road, and that's where I spent my first night.

The Japanese forced them to make the Bataan Death
Sequencing Events-- Use the time line below to take notes on the course of the war in the Pacific. The Japanese forced them to make the Bataan Death March.

The Allies Turn the Tide at Midway
3 SECTION The Allies Turn the Tide at Midway Doolittle’s Raid • U.S. launches daring air raid on Japanese cities, including Tokyo • U.S. Navy blocks Japanese advance at Battle of the Coral Sea Enemy ships fought without seeing each other • Defeats Japanese navy at Battle of Midway (June 1942) • Marks turning point in the war War Planes & Aircraft carriers blocked Japan’s push towards Australia Why? Because the Allies went on the offense In the spring of ’42 the Allies began to turn the tide Air raids on Japanese cities including Tokyo Little damage, but raised morale Coral Sea May of ’42 Off the coast of Australia Enemy ships battled each other without seeing each other (1st time) War planes launched from Aircraft carriers fought this battle Neither side could claim victory– However Americans had successfully blocked Japan’s push toward Australia BY the summer of 1942 the Japanese were poised to strike west at India, south at Australia, and east through Hawaii at the Pacific coast of the United states. The Allies succeeded in halting the Japanese advance in the Pacific The U.S. Pacific Fleet, commanded by Admiral Chester Nimitz, Helped turn the tide with three battles The first Battle began on may 7, 1942 in the Coral Sea off the northeastern coast of Australia A Japanese Force on its way to attack Port Moresby, New Guinea, seized Tulagi Island Before the Japanese force could reach its destination a joint British- American Force intercepted it Was important victory for Allies– It stopped the Japanese advance on Australia Midway June ’42 U.S. Navy destroyed 4 Japanese Aircraft carriers and at least 250 planes Americans lost one carrier and about 150 planes Turning point of the war NEXT

Led by the Enterprise (foreground), this force secured American gains for control of the Coral Sea and was the Pacific war's first decisive counteraction against Japanese expansion. The world's first battle between aircraft carriers-and the first major sea engagement between fleets far out of sight of each other-was joined in the spring of 1942 in the Coral Sea. It began on May 4 when a Japanese force shielded by three carriers threatened to occupy the Allied air base at Port Moresby on the southeastern tip of New Guinea. Such an invasion would gain air superiority over the Coral Sea and extend Japanese domination of the South Pacific all the way to the coast of Australia. Hurrying to counterattack came US Task Force 17, including the carriers Lexington and Yorktown. Steaming in reserve was Task Force 16, built around the carriers Enterprise and Hornet. But in overall effect, the Coral Sea battle was the war's first decisive check to Japan's southward expansion. The Port Moresby invasion was scotched-for good, as it turned out-and the arrival of Task Force 16 at the battle's end temporarily thwarted a Japanese plan to extend the invasion to the east by taking the islands of Nauru and Ocean. Moreover, the two big Japanese carriers, the Shokaku and the Zaikaku, were so badly damaged that they had to limp home for refitting. They were still there, and sorely missed, during the decisive Battle of Midway a month later. Battle of Coral Sea

Robert Kingsbury Huntington, ARM3c, radioman/gunner3
This remarkable photo shows all fifteen of Torpedo Eight's TBDs as they depart for their attack on Kido Butai on 4 June 1942. To my knowledge, this photo has never before been published June 1942 Japan, seeking to crush the U.S. Pacific Fleet, launched a two pronged attack One unit succeeded in occupying two of the Aleutian Islands, near Alaska. This was done to divert American ships to the north while the Japanese carried out their second offensive Midway (two small islands northwest of Hawaii) We new of this strategy because we had broken the Japanese fleet code June 3-6 U.S. sank four Japanese aircraft carriers and shot down many planes American Victory The battle provided Americans with valuable experience in Naval air warfare and gave people confidence in the carrier- based strike force. After Midway, the United States successfully launched its first offensive. Battle of Midway

The Yorktown wounded and sinking at the Battle of Midway
the Battle of Midway was a victory for American forces and marked a turning point in the Pacific theater during World War II ( ). The battle was fought in the waters off the Midway Islands in June 1942 between United States land- and carrier-based planes and Japanese carrier-based planes. The Japanese lost four aircraft carriers, two cruisers, and three destroyers. The Americans lost the aircraft carrier Yorktown and one destroyer. The Yorktown wounded and sinking at the Battle of Midway Though the forces were in contact to 7 June, by the end of the 4th the outcome had been decided and the tide of the war in the Pacific had been turned in the United States' favor. Yorktown and Hammann (DD412) were the only United States ships sunk, but TFs 16 and 17 lost a total of 113 planes, 61 of them in combat, during the battle. Japanese losses, far more severe, consisted of 4 carriers, 1 cruiser, and 272 carrier aircraft. By March 1942, Japanese Navy strategists had achieved their initial war goals much more easily than expected. They had therefore abandoned the prewar plan to then transition to a strategic defensive posture, but there was still dispute on how to maintain the offensive. Moving further south in the Pacific would isolate Australia, and possibly remove that nation as a threat to the freshly-expanded Japanese Empire. Yorktown

The U.S. won the battle and destroyed four Japanese carriers and 250 planes. It was the turning point of the war in the Pacific.

3 SECTION The Allies Advance • Allies attack Japanese by using method called island hopping: - invade islands not heavily defended by Japanese - use captured islands to stage further attacks Interactive Strategy used to defeat Japan After the battle of Midway– Allies go on attack to liberate the lands Japan had conquered Continued . . . NEXT

• Allies defeat Japanese at Guadalcanal (1942)
3 SECTION 6 Month Battle Marines continued The Allies Advance • Allies defeat Japanese at Guadalcanal (1942) 1st major land victory against Japan • Use Navajo language to transmit messages, Navajos as Code Talkers • Allies take over the Philippines, Japanese navy severely damaged Battle of Leyte Gulf Mac Arthur returns • Japanese use kamikazes, suicide pilots fly planes into Allied warships Late in the war Guadalcanal– Important battle– U.S. Marines marched ashore in Aug ’42– 6 months of bitter fighting– Feb ’43 the Allies finally won 1st major land victory against the Japanese Navajo Code Talkers-- About 400 Navajo Indians Participated– accompanied troops into battle and helped them communicate safely Oct ’44 Allied forces invaded the Philippines– Massive naval battle off the coast of the Philippine Island Leyte– 280 ships participated. The Allies won the three day battle– Japan’s navy was so badly damaged that it was no longer a threat– Liberated Manila in March ’45– MacArthur had returned Kamikazes– After Philippines they increased their use– Planes were filled with explosives and crashed into allied warships Filled with explosives NEXT

defended. Then the U.S. troops could work their way toward Japan.
Write a brief paragraph explaining the significance of the following term– Island Hopping This was the U.S. strategy of attacking Japanese islands in the Pacific that were lightly defended. Then the U.S. troops could work their way toward Japan.

U.S. Marines raising the flag on Iwo Jima (February 23, 1945).
SECTION Iwo Jima and Okinawa Why? Needed to establish bases closer to the main land • Allies conquer islands of Iwo Jima, Okinawa (1945) • More than 18,000 U.S. deaths, more than 120,000 Japanese deaths By early 1945 with Japan’s defenses weakened the Allies began bombing Japan. They had to establish a base closer to the Mainland– Chose the islands of Iwo Jima and Okinawa Feb ’45 U.S. Marines invaded Iwo Jima 23,000 U.S. Casualties Late Feb they planted the flag on Mount Suribachi April ’45 Okinawa Japanese defended the Islands fiercely. The Allies had to fight hard for every inch. In total over several months fighting for these islands more than 18,000 Americans died and 120,000+ Japanese. U.S. Marines raising the flag on Iwo Jima (February 23, 1945). Mount Suribachi NEXT

Guadalcanal Iwo Jima Okinawa

J. Robert Oppenheimer, "father of the atomic bomb",
3 SECTION Atomic Weapons End the War • To avoid heavy U.S. casualties, U.S. uses atomic bomb on Japan • Manhattan Project—top-secret program set up to build atomic bomb New Mexico • President Truman warns Japanese about destruction • Japan does not surrender, atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima, kills 70,000 J. Robert Oppenheimer, "father of the atomic bomb", 1 * Enola Gay The Allies planned to invade Japan in Nov of 45 but feared the American losses would reach 200,000 The Manhattan Project was led by American scientist J. Robert Oppenheimer– team worked 3 years to construct the weapon Japanese were warned they refused to surrender Enola Gay, b-29 bomber, dropped the 1st bomb on Hiroshima on Aug 6, 1945 Explosion killed 70,000 Turned 5 square miles into waste land Aug 9th second bomb dropped on Nagasaki killing 40,000 Aug 14 the Japanese surrender– Official surrender occurs Sept 2nd– Aboard the U.S.S. Missouri in Tokyo Bay The Manhattan Project, or more formally, the Manhattan Engineering District (MED), was the effort during World War II to develop the first nuclear weapons of the United States with assistance from the United Kingdom and Canada. Its research was directed by American physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer, under the overall project supervision of General Leslie R. Groves and the auspices of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. The project's origins were in fears during the 1930s that Nazi Germany was also investigating such weapons of its own. • Japan refuses to surrender, 2nd atomic bomb hits Nagasaki, kills 40,000 2 • Japan surrenders on September 2, 1945 On board the U.S.S. Missouri NEXT

The Manhattan Project took over control of U. S
The Manhattan Project took over control of U.S. fission research, which had begun in 1939, starting in the fall of 1942, and resulted in the design, production, and detonation of three nuclear bombs in The first, using plutonium made at the Hanford, Washington, plant, was tested on July 16 as "Trinity", the world's first nuclear test, near Alamogordo, New Mexico. The second, an enriched uranium bomb code-named "Little Boy", was detonated on August 6, over Hiroshima, Japan. The third, another plutonium bomb, code-named "Fat Man", was detonated on August 9, over Nagasaki, Japan. The primary sites of the project exist today as Hanford Site, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, the National Security Complex and several other plants. The MED maintained control over U.S. weapons production until the formation of the Atomic Energy Commission in January 1947. At its peak in 1945, the Project employed over 130,000 people, and cost a total of nearly $2 billion USD ($20 billion in 2004 dollars based on CPI. [1]). . Robert Oppenheimer (April 22, 1904 – February 18, 1967) was an American theoretical physicist of German-Jewish origin, best known for his role as the scientific director of the Manhattan Project, the World War II effort to develop the first nuclear weapons, at the secret Los Alamos laboratory in New Mexico. Known colloquially as "the father of the atomic bomb", Oppenheimer lamented the weapon's killing power after it was used to destroy the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. After the war, he was a chief advisor to the newly created Atomic Energy Commission and used that position to lobby for international control of atomic energy and to avert the nuclear arms race with the Soviet Union. After invoking the ire of many politicians and scientists with his outspoken political opinions during the Red Scare, he had his security clearance revoked in a much-publicized and politicized hearing in Though stripped of his direct political influence, Oppenheimer continued to lecture, write, and work in physics. A decade later, President Lyndon B. Johnson awarded him the Enrico Fermi Award as a gesture of rehabilitation. As a scientist, Oppenheimer is remembered most for being a chief founder of the American school of theoretical physics while at the University of California, Berkeley. The first atomic bomb, which was made of uranium and was nicknamed “Little Boy,” was dropped on Hiroshima, Japan, on August 6, 1945 by the American B-29 bomber Enola Gay. It killed 70,000 people instantly. Another 130,000 people later died from wounds or radiation sickness.

The ruins of Hiroshima after the first U.S. atomic bombing in Japan.
In the history of warfare, nuclear weapons have been used on two occasions, both during the closing days of World War II. The first event occurred on the morning of 6 August 1945, when the United States dropped a uranium gun-type device code-named "Little Boy" on the Japanese city of Hiroshima. The second event occurred three days later when a plutonium implosion-type device code-named "Fat Man" was dropped on the city of Nagasaki. The use of the weapons, which resulted in the immediate deaths of at least 120,000 individuals (mostly civilians) and about twice that number over time, was and remains controversial — critics charged that they were unnecessary acts of mass killing, while others claimed that they ultimately reduced casualties on both sides by hastening the end of the war. Since that time, nuclear weapons have been detonated on over two thousand occasions, mostly for testing purposes, chiefly by the following seven countries: the United States, Soviet Union, United Kingdom, France, People's Republic of China, India and Pakistan. These countries are the declared nuclear powers (with Russia inheriting the weapons of the Soviet Union after its collapse). There are two basic types of nuclear weapons. The first are weapons which produce their explosive energy through nuclear fission reactions alone. These are known as colloquially as atomic bombs or A-bombs. The second basic type of nuclear weapon produces a large amount of its energy through nuclear fusion reactions, and can be over a hundred times more powerful than fission bombs. These are known as hydrogen bombs, H-bombs, thermonuclear bombs, and fusion bombs Little Boy" was the code name of the atomic bomb which was dropped on Hiroshima, Japan on August 6, 1945 by the B-29 Superfortress Enola Gay, piloted by Lt. Col. Paul Tibbets of the U.S. Army Air Forces. It was the first atomic bomb used offensively, the second being "Fat Man", which was dropped on Nagasaki three days later. The ruins of Hiroshima after the first U.S. atomic bombing in Japan.

On August 6, 1945, during World War II, the United States dropped an atomic bomb on Hiroshima, a Japanese city and military center. About 60,000 to 70,000 people were reported killed, injured, or missing, according to U.S. estimates, and thousands more were made homeless. It was the first atomic bomb used against an enemy.

The first atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima, Japan, on August 6, 1945, during World War II. The blast destroyed 68 percent of the city and damaged another 24 percent; 60,000 to 70,000 people were killed or reported missing, according to United States estimates.

Enola Gay is a B-29 Superfortress bomber of the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) that dropped the first atomic bomb ever used in warfare ("Little Boy") on Hiroshima, Japan on August 6, 1945, just before the end of World War II. Because of its role in the atomic bombings of Japan, its name has been synonymous with controversy over the bombings themselves, and it gained additional national attention in 1994 after controversy over the bombings resulted in an exhibit in which the plane was displayed at the National Air and Space Museum of the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C. was closed. In 2003, the Enola Gay became again viewable to the public at the new Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center annex of the N.A.S.M. at Dulles International Airport in Virginia. Colonel Paul Tibbets waving from the Enola Gay's cockpit after the bombing of Hiroshima.

About 40,000 were killed by the initial blast and another 70,000 died of injuries and radiation poisoning in the next few months.

This was the program set up to
Write a brief paragraph explaining the significance of the following term– Manhattan Project This was the program set up to develop the atomic bomb. It was led by J. Robert Oppenheimer.

December 7, 1941—Japan bombs Pearl Harbor.
August 1940—Battle of Britain intensifies. November 1942—Allies stop German advance at El Alamein in North Africa. August 1942—Battle of Stalingrad begins. June 1942—Battle of Midway June 6, 1944—D-Day invasion of Europe by Allies December 1944—Battle of the Bulge begins.

Section 4 The Home Front Americans at home make great contributions to the Allied victory. NEXT

The Home Front Wartime Production 4
SECTION The Home Front Wartime Production • War Production Board (WPB)—guides production of war supplies • WW II ends Great Depression, U.S. unemployment rate falls • Armed forces need for materials makes some items scarce • Rationing—families receive a fixed amount of scarce items Needed more than just soldiers– needed planes, tanks, weapons, parachutes and other supplies Factories churned out materials around the clock By 1945 the country had built about 300,000 aircraft and 75,000 ships The U.S. was producing 60% of all Allied ammunition Jobs became easy to find and thus ended the Great Depression GNP Soared– Gross national product– Total value of all goods and services produced by a nation during a year 90.5 billion to nearly 212 billion Because the armed forces needed so many materials some of the items Americans took for granted became scarce American Auto manufacturers did not produce any cars between 1942 and 1945, instead they built tanks, jeeps, and airplanes Gasoline, tires, shoes, meat, and sugar were also in short supply Rationing To help pay for the war the government raised income taxes and sold war bonds 1 • To pay for war, government raises income taxes, sells war bonds 2 NEXT

Opportunities for Women and Minorities
4 SECTION Opportunities for Women and Minorities • Many men fight overseas, demand for women workers rises sharply • “Rosie the Riveter”—popular image, strong woman works in arms factory • African Americans get many jobs in defense industry Migration to cities • Go to cities offering jobs, influx inflames racial tension Detroit Race Riots Image of "Rosie the Riveter"—commissioned by War Production Coordinating Committee urging women to join war production workforce. Poster, World War II. Continued . . . NEXT

• A. Philip Randolph helps get equal rights for blacks in workplaces
4 SECTION continued Opportunities for Women and Minorities • A. Philip Randolph helps get equal rights for blacks in workplaces • President Roosevelt issues Executive Order 8802, outlaws: - job discrimination in defense industries working for U.S. government • Thousands of Native Americans, Hispanics work in war industries • Bracero program—U.S. government hires Mexicans to do farm labor • Los Angeles, U.S. servicemen attack Mexican Americans in zoot-suit riots NEXT

Use the chart below to take notes on how each of the
following factors contributed to the wartime economy. Program to save important resources for war use. Rationed items included gasoline, tires, shoes,meat, and sugar Organized industry in the United States to produce for the war. Led to the production of 300,000 aircraft, 75,000 ships, and 60 percent of Allied ammunition by 1945. Filled factory jobs left behind by men that entered the armed forces. Helped increase production to meet wartime needs.

The Internment of Japanese Americans
4 SECTION The Internment of Japanese Americans • After Pearl Harbor, Japanese Americans seen as security threat • President Roosevelt supports Japanese-American internment: - more than 110,000 Japanese Americans moved from homes to camps - kept under guard, live in cramped conditions • U.S. fear of Japanese-American disloyalty is unfounded • Japanese-American military units show courage in battle NEXT

Japanese Internment Forced relocation and imprisonment of Japanese Americans living on the Pacific Coast. When Pearl Harbor was people of Japanese ancestry lived in WA, OR, & CA Discrimination Laws prevented Japanese immigrants from becoming citizens jobs & neighborhoods were restricted There was no evidence of disloyalty Detention camps were in WY & UT Supreme Court upheld this action in 1944 Japanese were forced to leave hurriedly, abandoning or selling their homes and businesses at rock bottom prices In the spring of 1942, just months after the bombing of Pearl Harbor, more than 100,000 residents of Japanese ancestry were forcefully evicted by the army from their homes in Washington, Oregon, California, Arizona and Alaska, and sent to nearby temporary assembly centers. From there they were sent by trains to American-style concentration camps at remote inland sites where many people spent the remainder of the war. Soon after the attack on Pearl Harbor, public outrage and hysteria turned towards the Japanese (both alien and citizen) living in the United States. The west coast had a long history of anti-Asian agitation culminating in the denial of citizenship (naturalization) to Asians upheld by the U.S. Supreme Court in 1922 (Ozawa v. U.S.) and the Immigration Act which barred Asian immigration.

War with Japan quickly reawakened feelings of suspicion and fear
War with Japan quickly reawakened feelings of suspicion and fear. Newspaper headlines and columnists began to warn of saboteurs and fifth column activity. Congressmen jumped on the anti-Japanese bandwagon and began spouting warnings of imminent danger from Japanese Americans A report commissioned by Congress just after the Pearl Harbor attack largely dismissed these rumors and contended that the vast majority of Japanese Americans were loyal but it did nothing to stop the mounting public hysteria and government and military reactionism On February 19, 1942 President Roosevelt signed Executive Order which authorized the military to exclude any person from designated military areas. This order gave the military free reign to designate military areas and to remove any persons considered a danger. On March 2, 1942, Lt. General John L. DeWitt, West Coast commander U.S. Army, issued Public Proclamation No. 1 which designated the entire West coast a restricted military area. The Army issued the first Civilian Exclusion Order for the Japanese on Bainbridge Island on march 24, Though theoretically Executive Order 9066 could be used to remove German and Italian Americans only the Japanese community was forced to undergo mass evacuation and imprisonment. After all it just wouldn't be right to imprison Joe DiMaggio's Italian immigrant parents

Military Police posting Civilian Exclusion Order No. 1.
Bainbridge Island evacuees boarding ferry under army guard In 1942 Bainbridge Island, just across Puget Sound from Seattle, was home to approximately 250 Japanese farmers and fisherfolk. On March 24, Lt. General DeWitt, the West Coast commander U.S. Army, issued Civilian Exclusion Order No. 1, ordering the evacuation of all Japanese Americans on the island. This first evacuation became a model for the evacuation of all Japanese Americans from the West Coast. The Bainbridge Islanders, both aliens and non-aliens (i.e., citizens), were given six days to register, pack, sell or somehow rent their homes, farms and equipment. On Monday, March 30 at 11:00 a.m. these Japanese Americans, under armed guard, were put on the ferry Keholoken to Seattle where they boarded a train to Manzanar in central California. They were not to return to Bainbridge Island for more than four years. Instructions to All Japanese Living in Bainbridge Island Provisions have been made to give temporary residence in a reception center elsewhere. Evacuees who do not go to an approved destination of their own choice, but who go to a reception center under Government supervision, must carry with them the following property, not exceeding that which can be carried by the family or individual: Blankets and linens for each member of the family; Toilet articles for each member of the family; Clothing for each member of the family; Sufficient knives, forks, spoons, plates, bowls, and cups for each member of the family; All items carried will be securely packaged, tied, and plainly marked with the name of the owner and numbered in accordance with instructions received at the Civil Control Office; No contraband items may be carried.

Bainbridge Island evacuees walking to train, watched by crowd on overpass

More than 100,000 Japanese Americans were removed from their homes and into camps during More than 70 percent were American citizens. This ultimate denial of civil rights was compounded by the regulations which controlled camp life. Many of the liberties we take as granted were denied these citizens and alien residents of Japanese descent. Despite the innocuous name of Camp Harmony (coined by army public relations officers), this was no summer camp. Barbed wire fences surrounded the camp and armed guards patrolled the grounds. Movement between the different areas of the camp was strictly controlled. Petty regulations ruled everyday life -- twice a day roll calls, curfews (though trips to the toilets were allowed) and lights out, set meal times. Other regulations denied basic rights such as the right to assemble (organizations were forbidden except with the express permission of camp authorities), religious freedom (Shinto was forbidden), speech (Japanese language materials were confiscated) and privacy (interior police could enter any room without warrant).

The Puyallup Assembly Center was located in a small rural community about 25 miles south of Seattle famous for its farms and daffodils. The assembly center was built on the grounds and surrounding acres of the Western Washington State Fair so in addition to the stables, racetrack and outbuildings there was a rollercoaster. Within a month the fairgrounds were transformed into a camp large enough to house more than 7,000 inmates. Barracks filled every available space -- parking lots, beneath the grandstand, within the circle of the racetrack. Movement between camps was restricted, passes were required to go from area to area. It was not until June 22nd that large scale (from between 17 and 50 per day depending on area) movements between areas was permitted on a rotating schedule. You can imagine how our hearts sank. One single little window for each family. The floors laid right on the ground. Mud everywhere (no wonder the Japanese are advised to bring rubber boots with them). No plumbing facilities. (Apparently for washing, etc., the people will have to cross the street over to the main Fair Ground buildings, but were not sure of this). Army barracks even C.P.S. barracks are palaces by comparison. And not healthy young men are to live here, but women and children: old men, old women, babies are kept in at race tracks and fair grounds. And the Japanese people aren't animals.

Opened July 20, 1942. Closed November 10, 1945. Peak population 13,348
Opened July 20, Closed November 10, Peak population 13,348. Origin of prisoners: Sacramento Delta, Fresno County, Los Angeles area. Divided into Canal Camp and Butte Camp. Over 1100 citizens from both camps served in the U.S. Armed Services. The names of 23 war dead are engraved on a plaque here. The State of Arizona accredited the schools in both camps. 97 students graduated from Canal High School in Nearly 1000 prisoners worked in the 8000 acres of farmland around Canal Camp, growing vegetables and raising livestock.2

Heart Mountain, WY Opened August 12, 1942. Closed November 10, 1945
Heart Mountain, WY Opened August 12, Closed November 10, Peak population 10,767. Origin of prisoners: Santa Clara County, Los Angeles, Central Washington. In November, 1942, Japanese American hospital workers walked out because of pay discrimination between Japanese American and Caucasian American workers. In July, 1944, 63 prisoners who had resisted the draft were convicted and sentenced to 3 years in prison. The camp was made up of 468 buildings, divided into 20 blocks. Each block had 2 laundry-toilet buildings. Each building had 6 rooms each. Rooms ranged in size from 16' x 20' to 20' x 24'. There were 200 administrative employees, 124 soldiers, and 3 officers. Military police were stationed in 9 guard towers, equipped with high beam search lights, and surrounded by barbed wire fencing around the camp.2 Manzanar, CA Opened March 21, Closed November 21, Peak population 10,046. Origin of prisoners: Los Angeles, San Fernando Valley, San Joaquin County, Bainbridge Island, Washington.2 The first of the ten camps to open -- first as a processing center.5 Minidoka, ID

Recognizing Effects Use the chart below to take notes on how the war affected
the following groups. Many women took new jobs in industry that they had not been allowed to have in the past. More than 19 million women entered the workforce. Many moved to cities to take industrial jobs created by the war. More than one million African Americans took jobs in defense industries. President Roosevelt issued an executive order to outlaw discrimination in the defense industries. Even so, they often faced discrimination. More than 120,000 Mexicans came to the United States to work in the bracero program. Many Mexican immigrants and other Mexican Americans faced discrimination More than 110,000 Japanese Americans were placed in internment camps. They had to sell their homes and possessions and leave their jobs.

Japanese Americans Removed and confined during World War II
Work with your partner to complete the following Sunshine Outline on Japanese-American internment. Removed and confined during World War II Japanese Americans beginning in February 1942 they were rounded up after being forced to sell their homes and possessions and leave their jobs. removed from the Pacific Coast and sent to camps people believed that Japanese Americans were a security threat

sent to internment camps
Work with your group to complete the chart below. Tell how World War II affected women, African Americans, Mexican Americans, and Japanese Americans. new job opportunities new job opportunities migrated from South to jobs in the North, race tension and riots, gained more equality in the workplace new job opportunities bracero program, zoot-suit riots sent to internment camps

rationing paying higher taxes buying war bonds
Use a cluster diagram like the one shown to review the ways in which Americans at home contributed to the war effort. rationing paying higher taxes buying war bonds

The Legacy of the War Section 5
World War II has deep and lasting effects on the United States and the world. As a result of WWII the United States became the dominant power the world NEXT

The Legacy of the War The War’s Human Cost 5
SECTION The Legacy of the War The War’s Human Cost • World War II claims more lives than any other war • Soviet Union suffers most severe losses: - 7.5 million military deaths, 5 million wounded • Civilian casualties number in the millions • War creates about 21 million refugees, try to readjust after war About 20 million soldiers were killed and million more were wounded More than 400,000 American soldiers died and more than 600,000 were wounded Both the Allied and Axis powers had fought a war without boundaries– bombed cities, destroyed villages, and brought destruction to civilian life Soviet numbers the highest with 20 million Soviet citizens died in the struggle China lost about 10 million civilians from more than a decade of Japanese attacks Refugees Included orphans, POWs, survivors of concentration camps, and those who fled advancing armies 21 million– starving and homeless NEXT

7,500,000 5,000,000 12,500,000 3,500,000 7,250,000 10,750,000 2,200,000 1,762,000 3,962,000 1,219,000 295,247 1,514,247 405,399 671,278 1,076,677 329,208 348,403 677,611 210,671 390,000 600,671 77,494 120,000 197,494

Economic Winners and Losers
5 SECTION Economic Winners and Losers • WW II leaves many of world’s economies in ruins • Only U.S. comes out of war with a strong economy • Secretary of State George C. Marshall sets up Marshall Plan (1948): - U.S. gives 13 billion to European countries to help them revive Ruins Bombing campaigns had destroyed factories, transportation centers, and important buildings For the U.S. the boom in industry during the war had pulled the nation out of the Great Depression– After the war the economy continued to grow U.S. set out to rebuild the shattered economies of Europe and Japan U.S. forces occupied Japan for several years after the war Marshall Plan– 1948– to boost the Economies of Europe Named for George C. Marshall the Secretary of State U.S. gave more than 13 billion to help the nations of Europe get back on their feet NEXT

Why? European economies in shambles and the threat of communism
Marshall Plan European Recovery Act Provided U.S. dollars in aid to Western Europe over the next four years Why? European economies in shambles and the threat of communism Fear that desperate economic conditions would make Europe more vulnerable to Soviet influence Secretary of State George Marshall from PA 48– pro-Soviet Communists overthrew the government of Czechoslovakia The Plan provided some $12 billion in aid to Western Europe over the next four years Marshall won the Nobel Peace Prize Ultimately events abroad proved more persuasive than even the strongest Marshall Plan supporters. On February 25, 1948, communist coup took place in Czechoslovakia. American shock at the coup reduced opposition to the Marshall Plan, and Congress finally approved the bill in April 1948, ten months after it was originally proposed. In July 1947, a nationwide poll showed that 51 percent of Americans had not heard of the Marshall Plan. The Truman Administration consequently launched a massive public relations campaign to educate the American public. Secretary Marshall and other members of the administration made numerous public appearances before civic and trade groups to promote the European aid program.

Congress required that items shipped under the Marshall Plan be clearly marked so that there could be no mistake as to who had supplied the assistance. The original Marshall Plan label, "For European Recovery--Supplied by the United States of America," was replaced in 1955 with "Strength for the Free World--From the United States of America," which appears on the jeeps in this photograph. The new slogan more accurately represented the role of the Economic Cooperation Administration (ECA), which had begun operating in the Far East as well as in the original countries of Europe. As the Cold War deepened, the ECA developed beyond the original goal of recovery for Europe and became more concerned with bolstering the free world against communism.

Dutch View of the Marshall Plan
Many European governments produced materials to explain the Marshall Plan to their citizens, such as this booklet printed by the Ministry of Economic Affairs of the Netherlands. The text and artwork are by Jo Spier ( ), a Dutch, Jewish artist and writer who had been imprisoned in a German concentration camp during World War II and who emigrated to the U.S. in 1951. A note in this English edition states that the original Dutch version, published in November 1949, was distributed to employers and employees, professional groups, teachers, students, and other groups in the Netherlands. It reached 2.5 million readers out of a total population of 10 million, a quarter of the nation. Dutch View of the Marshall Plan

Stamp commemorating the G.I. Bill or Servicemen's Readjustment Act
5 SECTION Changes in American Society • G.I. Bill of Rights—provides education, economic help to veterans • Returning soldiers cause housing shortage • Many Americans have moved to war-related jobs in cities, California • Includes hundreds of thousands of African-Americans GI Bill– The government paid for returning soldiers’ schooling and provided them with a living allowance More than 7.8 million WWII veterans attended school under the GI Bill This financial aid had a positive effect on the economy by accelerating the demand for goods and services in the postwar era The GI Bill, officially known as the Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944, was designed to provide greater opportunities to returning war veterans of World War II The bill, signed by President Roosevelt on June 22, 1944, provided federal aid to help veterans adjust to civilian life in the areas of hospitalization, purchase of homes and businesses, and especially, education. This act provided tuition, subsistence, books and supplies, equipment, and counseling services for veterans to continue their education in school or college. Within the following 7 years, approximately 8 million veterans received educational benefits. Of that number, approximately 2,300,000 attended colleges and universities, 3,500,000 received school training, and 3,400,000 received on-the-job training. By 1951, this act had cost the government a total cost of approximately $14 billion The effects of increased enrollment to higher education were significant. Higher educational opportunities opened enrollment to a varied socioeconomic group than in the years past. Engineers and technicians needed for the technological economy were prepared from the ranks of returning veterans. Also, education served as a social safety valve that eased the traumas and tensions of adjustment from wartime to peace. For the American colleges and universities, the effects were transforming. In almost all institutions, classes were overcrowded. Institutions required more classrooms, laboratories, greater numbers of faculties, and more resources. House facilities became inadequate and new building programs were established. New vocational courses were also added. This new student population called for differential courses in advanced training in education, commerce, agriculture, mining, fisheries, and other vocational fields that were previously taught informally. Teaching staffs enlarged and summer and extension courses thrived. Further, the student population was no longer limited to those between The veterans were eager to learn and had a greater sense of maturity, in comparison to the usual student stereotype. Finally, the idea that higher education was the privilege of a well-born elite was finally shattered. It also provided loans for returning veterans to buy homes and start businesses. Stamp commemorating the G.I. Bill or Servicemen's Readjustment Act NEXT

5 SECTION The Nuremberg Trials • Nuremberg trials—international court tries Nazi leaders for war crimes • 24 defendants accused of crimes against humanity including: - murder of millions of Jews, others • 19 defendants found guilty, 12 sentenced to death • 185 other Nazi leaders found guilty in later trials Started in Nov ’45 in Nuremberg Germany Lasts nearly a year Upheld the idea that people are responsible for their actions, even in wartime Nuremberg Trials, Nuremberg, Germany Former rallying place of Hitler’s November 1945 Tribunal-- court: an assembly (including one or more judges) to conduct judicial business 21 tried on four charges-- Planning the war, committing war crimes, committing other crimes against humanity, & conspiring to commit crimes Many NAZIs escaped immediate prosecution by concealing their identities and fleeing to Latin America Adolph Eichmann Josef Mengele Klaus Barbie Chief lesson– Nations and individuals can be held accountable for their actions during war-- Cannot be excused for “just following orders Defendants at the Nuremberg Trials (1945–1946) of former Nazi Party leaders, held in Nuremberg, Germany, after World War II. NEXT

Goering_Testifying "Nuremberg Trials. Defendents in their dock:Goering, Hess, von Ribbentrop, and Keitel in front row." ca Hermann Goering was Commander-in-Chief of the Luftwaffe, President of the Reichstag, Prime Minister of Prussia and, as Hitler's designated successor, the second man in the Third Reich. No trial provides a better basis for understanding the nature and causes of evil than do the Nuremberg trials from 1945 to 1949. Those who come to the trials expecting to find sadistic monsters are generally disappointed. What is shocking about Nuremberg is the ordinariness of the defendants: men who may be good fathers, kind to animals, even unassuming--yet committed unspeakable crimes. Years later, reporting on the trial of Adolf Eichmann, Hannah Arendt wrote of "the banality of evil." Like Eichmann, most Nuremberg defendants never aspired to be villains. Rather, they either overidentified with an ideological cause or suffered from a lack of imagination: they couldn't fully appreciate the human consequences of their career-motivated decisions Twelve trials, involving over a hundred defendants and several different courts, took place in Nuremberg from 1945 to 1949. By far the most attention--not surprisingly, given the figures involved--has focused on the first Nuremberg trial of twenty-one major war criminals.

Creation of the United Nations
5 SECTION Creation of the United Nations • WW II shows weakness of League of Nations • League is weak largely because U.S. is not a member • 50 nations, including U.S., form peacekeeping body—United Nations FDR encouraged the United Nations 50 countries met in San Francisco in April of 1945 In June of ’45 all 50 nations approved a charter creating the United Nations Allies met several times throughout the war and threw around the idea of a world organization to promote peace 1944 meeting in DC included U.S. Great Britain, the Soviet Union, and China– Proposed postwar international organization April 1945– Delegates from 50 nations met in San Francisco to draw up charter Charter had 6 bodies General Assembly-- All countries shape Policy Security Council to address military and political problems The Economic and Social Council The International Court of Justice The Trustee Council to administer territories The Secretariat– To administer the UN On October 24 it became an organization NEXT

International Tensions
5 SECTION International Tensions • United Nations helps found Israel, a homeland for Jews in Palestine • Neighboring Arab nations attack Israel • Many colonies around the world fight for independence • Powerful Soviet Union puts Eastern Europe under Communist control • U.S. wants to stop spread of Communism 1948 the United Nations helped found the nation of Israel to create a homeland for the Jews in Palestine Fighting immediately broke out as neighboring Arab nations attacked Israel Colonies around the world fought for their independence U.S. more worried about Soviet Union-- Despite suffering heavy damage and loss of life it emerged as a great power having conquered much of Eastern Europe U.S. & Soviets were uneasy partners through the war After the war Stalin angered the U.S. by breaking wartime promise to promote democracy in the nations they occupied • End of WW II marks beginning of the atomic age NEXT

a plan to help boost the economies of Europe; the United States gave more than $13 billion to help Europe’s economy provided educational and economic help to veterans; government paid for schooling and for some living expenses actions which tried Nazi leaders for their role in World War II; upheld the idea that people are responsible for their actions—even in wartime a new peacekeeping body created in 1945; included 50 nations which included the United States

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The Rise of Dictators and World War II, 1931–1945

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The Rise of Dictators and World War II, 1931–1945

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