1. Chapter 10 & 7A Ions Monatomic Ions Ion Formulas and Names

2. Ion Vocabulary An ion is an atom or group of atoms that have a charge. A cation is a positive ion. An anion is a negative ion.

3. If a neutral atom loses one or more electrons it becomes a cation. If a neutral atom gains one or more electrons it becomes an anion. Na 11 protons 11 electrons Na + 11 protons 10 electrons Cl 17 protons 17 electrons Cl - 17 protons 18 electrons 2.5

4. Atoms tend to lose and gain electrons when they bond with other atoms in an attempt to become more stable.

5. Why is Na + more stable than Na Na = 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 1

6. Why is Na + more stable than Na Na = 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 1 Lose 1 e - Na + = 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6

7. Why is Na + more stable than Na Na = 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 1 Lose 1 e - Na + = 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 This is isoelectronic with Ne

8. Why is Clˉ more stable than Cl Cl = 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 5

9. Why is Clˉ more stable than Cl Cl = 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 5 Gain 1 e - Clˉ = 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6

10. Why is Clˉ more stable than Cl Cl = 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 5 Gain 1 e - Clˉ = 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 This is isoelectronic with Ar

11. Determine the number of protons and electrons for each ion and state what noble gas each is isoelectronic with. Mg 12 protons 12 electrons Mg 2+ ___ protons ___ electrons ___ isoelectronic O 8 protons 8 electrons O 2- ___ protons ___ electrons ___ isoelectronic

12. Ionic bonding: Li + O 1e - [ O ] 2– [Li] 2 + 6e - 2e - 8n 0 8p + 1e - 3p + 4n 0 2e - 1e - 3p + 4n 0 2e - 1e - 8e - 2e - 8n 0 8p + 3p + 4n 0 2e - 3p + 4n 0 2e - Why is lithium oxide Li 2 O O Li

13. Ion Vocabulary A monatomic ion is an atom with a charge. The charge on a monatomic ion is called an oxidation number. A polyatomic ion is a group of atoms with a charge.

14. Types of monatomic ions and the rules for naming them The periodic table is useful in naming the monatomic ions.

15. Monatomic cations with one oxidation number The cations from the periodic table which have a single oxidation number are as follows: Group 1 (+1), Group 2 (+2), Ag +, Cd 2+, Zn 2+, and Al 3+. These types of ions are named by using the name of the element followed by the word ion. Na + sodium ion Ba 2+ barium ion Zn 2+ zinc ion We can use the roman numeral from the periodic table to identify the oxidation number for these ions.

16. Monatomic cations with multiple oxidation numbers All other cations that are not listed in the previous category (“cations with one oxidation number”) are considered to have the possibility of multiple oxidation numbers. These type of ions are named by using the name of the element followed by a Roman numeral to indicate the oxidation number. Cu 2+ copper (II) Pb 4+ lead (IV) Mn 7+ manganese (VII) It is important to note that the roman numerals in these names may or may not be the roman numeral from the periodic table. In other words the periodic table is of little or no help in determining their oxidation numbers.

17. Monatomic anions All anions from the periodic table are named by changing the ending of the element’s name to –ide. F - fluoride ion O 2- oxide ion N 3- nitride ion Count back from the noble gases starting at zero to determine the oxidation number.

18. Name these monatomic ions Rb + P 3- Fe 3+ Br‾ Mn 4+ Cd 2+ Rubidium ion Phosphide Iron III Bromide Manganese IV Cadmium ion

19. Write the formula for these monatomic ions. Sulfide Lead (II) Barium ion Chromium (IV) Aluminum ion Carbide S 2- Pb 2+ Ba 2+ Cr 4+ Al 3+ C 4-

20. Atoms of elements and Ions of elements are different

21. Atoms of elements A pale yellow-green gas, chlorine killed soldiers in WWI. Today it mainly purifies drinking water and swimming pools. Sodium is a soft, silvery highly reactive metal. It is used in making light bulbs and for heat exchange in nuclear reactors.

22. Ions of elements Combined together sodium and chlorine make common table salt and are thus essential to life. Table salt consists of sodium ions (Na + ) and chloride ions (Cl - )

23. Steps for Naming Ions 1. Name polyatomic ions 2. Name remaining anions (change ending to – ide) 3. Name remaining cations from groups 1, 2, Ag +, Cd 2+, Zn 2+, Al 3+. (use the name of the element and add “ion”) 4. Name all remaining cations using the name of the element followed by a roman numeral equal to the positive charge of the cation.

24. 6.Ag + 7. Cu + 8. NH 4 + 9. P 3- 10. Cl 3+

25. Steps for Writing Formulas of Ions Many people find that they wish to do these in the order that they are presented. You can however use the following order if you find it helpful 1.Polyatomic ions. 2.Remaining anions. (These will be anything left that ends in –ide). 3.Remaining ions containing a Roman Numeral. 4.Remaining ions without a Roman Numeral. (get the roman numeral from the table).

26. 6. Hydroxide ion 7. Cadmium ion 8. Lithium ion 9. Calcium ion 10. Mercury (I) ion

27. Homework Worksheet: Ions

28. Homework Worksheet: Ions Worksheet: Ion Formulas and Names. Lab Summary “Tap Water Test” (You do not need to copy entire “Objective Section” as your purpose).