2. Early Kingdoms
Nile
Kush
Axum
Ghana
Mali
Songhai

3. Nile Settled around the Nile river – fertile soil
Egyptian Empire developed from here and expanded their power.
Trade, conquest brought cultural diffusions and advancements
Polytheistic, belief in the afterlife, pyramids, pharaohs, and hieroglyphics

5. The Story of Nubia/Kush
Nubia (Land of Gold): The Kingdom of Kush (also called Nubia - the Land of Gold)
Hey Day: Nubia was known as the Land of the Bow. Because their archers were expert and fierce.
Major Exports: They had gold mines, ivory, incense, and iron ore.
Resources: Unlike Egypt, in Nubia, they were not dependent upon the flooding of the Nile for good soil to grow crops and long growing seasons. They enjoyed tropical rainfall all year long.

6. Exports:Trade was very important to Kush
Exports:Trade was very important to Kush. They established flourishing ports on the Red Sea. They tried to work out trade agreements with Egypt that would allow them free access to the Mediterranean via the Nile River. Egyptians depended on Kush for iron, gold, and for exotic goods like incense and ebony. Kush wanted Egyptian manufactured goods, especially their cotton, an export for which Egypt is still famous today.
Industry: As the demand for iron grew, Kush ran into a problem. To make iron, they needed to wood to burn. They had wood, lots of wood. But they burned so much wood in the process of making iron, and they used up supplies so fast, that the forests could not keep up.

7. Kush looked around for new avenues of trade. They had incense
Kush looked around for new avenues of trade. They had incense. They had ivory. Certainly someone would want these wonderful products. The leaders of Kush began to turn their eyes towards the vast Sahara Desert. Whas it possible? Could they develop a trade route to the far away kings of which they had great things?

8. Achievements
Developed their own religion and alphabets after the Egyptian gods and heiroglyphics
Learned to make iron weapons and tools
Wasted iron is still left in the capital city Meroe (in the ruins)
Trade – Arabia, Egypt, Mediterranean, East Africa, and India

9. Axum Where? South of Kushites, developed on the plateaus of Ethiopia
Power?
King Ezana conquered Kush (350 BC)
Achievements:
Trading Empire: close to the Red Sea allowed for great access and control of spices, gems and ivory to Egypt, Asia, and Arabia
Christianity: one of the few African kingdoms to convert to Christianity, and became isolated later on by the Muslim dominated Africa

10. Ghana The kingdom of Ghana had its heyday from 900 CE through 1230 CE
Major Export: Gold
Natural resource: Niger River, Gold Mines
Industries: Farming, mining, trading, defense (army)
Agricultural crops: Yams (sweet potatoes), beans, rice, onions, sorghum, millet, papaya, gourds, cattle, sheep, goats, poultry, cotton, and peanuts.
Economic specialization: Traders, miners, farmers, blacksmiths, soldiers
Famous Ghanians: Anansi the Spider, Griots
People: Happy. The common people worked very hard. Nobles were more comfortable. Everyone made time for music, art, and the griots.
Religion: Many gods and goddesses

11. Mali
The empire of Mali had its heyday from 1200 CE through the late 1400's.
Major Export: Gold
Natural resource: Niger River, Gold Mines, Salt Mines
Industries: Farming, mining, trading, defense (army)
Agricultural crops: Beans, rice, onions, sorghum, millet, papaya, gourds, cattle, sheep, goats, poultry, cotton, and peanuts.
Economic specialization: Traders, miners, farmers, blacksmiths, soldiers
Famous People: Sundiata, Mansa Musa
People: Happy. The common people worked very hard. Nobles were more comfortable. Everyone made time for music, art, and the griots.
Religion: Nobles – Muslims; Common People - Many gods and goddesses

12. Songhai
The empire of Songhay had its heyday from 1400's through the late 1500's.
Major Export: Gold
Most Sought After Import: Books
Natural resource: Fish, Niger River, Gold Mines, Salt Mines
Industries: Farming, mining, trading, defense (army)
Agricultural crops: Beans, rice, onions, sorghum, millet, papaya, gourds, cattle, sheep, goats, poultry, cotton, and peanuts.
Economic specialization: Fishermen, traders, miners, farmers, blacksmiths, soldiers, witchdoctors
Famous People: Sonni Ali the Great
People: The common people worked very hard. The nobles were more comfortable.
Religion: Nobles – Muslims; Common People - Many gods and goddesses

13. Trade Routes Develop Camels (Ships of the Desert):
Around 750 CE, Islamic traders began to use camels to transports goods across the desert.
Camels were the perfect answer.
Every trader knew his camels were the best! Camels soon were nicknamed the "Ships of the Desert".

14. The Trans-Sahara Trade Route:
Caravans of camels were loaded with trade goods. (spices from India, iron tools and weapons from Kush)
The day the first caravan of camels headed west into the Sahara Desert was the day that marked the opening of the Trans-Sahara Trade Route.

15. Timbuktu
Where:
What:
How:
Whom:

16. Mansa Musa
Create a Bio Board of Mansa Musa based on the reading provided.
Must include a picture
Must include important facts and dates

17. Trading States Quiz
What was the downfall to the Kingdom of Kush? Explain how that caused their downfall.
What benefits were there to the trade between African states?
Explain the Trans-Sahara Trade Route and its importance.
Describe what Mansa Musa did for Africa.
Explain why Timbuktu saved Northern Africa from the Europeans.

18. What do we know about slavery

19. Questions to Ponder…
Captive Africans resisted slavery from the moment they were first captured through their arrival and existence on plantations in the New World. Describe some of the ways they resisted. What does “mutiny” mean? What part did mutinies play in the slave trade?
How were slaves treated in the markets once they arrived in the New World ? What do you suppose was the most humiliating aspect of being sold as a slave?
What did these captive Africans bring to the New World? How did they help build the economy of America?

20. Questions to ponder…
How did African leaders work with European slave-traders? What did the Europeans have that the African leaders wanted? What role did technology play ? How did this effect the balance of power in the interior of Africa?
One historian says that the most significant impact of the slave trade was the “psychological impact.” Do you agree or disagree? Why or why not?

21. Slave Trade

22. The Journey
From the 1400s to 1800s, approximately 20 million people were kidnapped from interior areas of Africa and made to walk hundreds of miles to the coast.
Those who survived the grueling hike -- only about half -- then boarded ships that would take as long as four months to sail the Atlantic Ocean and deposit them as slaves in North America, South America or the Caribbean.

23. Why the Middle Passage? 1 3 2

24. Effects of the Slave Trade
European Presence in Africa – leading to their eventual overtaking/colonization of Africa.
African culture is changed at home and its perception in the world is changed.
Trade Routes are changed and the distribution of wealth is changed.
Destruction of the Western Coast – deforestation

25. What is Imperialism? The domination of a country by another country
Political, Economic, and Cultural life is changed and controlled

26. How did it begin? The slave trade brought Europeans into Africa
David Livingstone proved Africa to be a place for more than just slaves – gold, diamonds, natural resources, etc.
King Leopold II of Belgium started imperialism
“Scramble for Africa” – European Countries race to colonize Africa

27. How did it begin?
Explorers such as David Livingstone, John Speke, Richard Burton, and Henry Stanley explored and claimed the land for their mother country
Europeans had technological superiority: THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
Guns allowed Europe to conquer Africa from 1880 to 1890

28. Motives of Europe – 3 G’s
#1 Need for raw materials and a market for goods – Industrial Revolution
#2 Nationalism (feelings of national pride) sparked desire for an empire and to boost their place in the world
#3 Power and Prestige
#4 White Man’s Burden” to spread Christianity to the natives

29. Mad Scramble 1870s is when the scramble begins
Gold discovered by Cecil Rhodes in Johannesburg (S. Africa)
Europeans divide the continent amongst themselves

30. The Scramble for Africa
Which European nation controlled much of West Africa?
In what period did southern Africa come under European rule?
Which conclusion is accurate based on the information in the map?
In 1900, only two nations in Africa remained independent.
Germany and France controlled most of East Africa.
The first colony seized by Britain was Uganda.
The stiffest resistance to European rule occurred in North Africa.

31. Berlin Conference (1884-85) African Resistance to European Dominance
Ethiopia and Liberia remained free for now
Colonial regions we set up
Great Britain and France largest Africa empires
Portugal, Spain, Belgium, and Germany got some control
Tribal chiefs signed treatise relinquishing control of people and land – did not understand what was being done to them

32. The Struggle for South Africa
Three groups of people engage in a struggle: local African groups, Dutch settlers known as Boers, and the British
The Zulus (native African group) were expanding south and the Boers were expanding north – conflict ensues for years
The British step in and the Zulus were defeated eventually take over South Africa and setup their own government which only allowed white people the vote – eventually the Boers controlled the government

33. How the Colonies were ruled
Directly: colonial power controlled the government at every level
French
Belgian
Portuguese
Indirectly – left tradition rulers in place. Officials made decisions, local rulers were expected to enforce them
Great Britain

34. Effects of European Rule [New political and economic systems]
Discussion and consensus (Africa) vs. principles of right and wrong (Europe)
Money economy is introduced to Africans
Europeans required payment of taxes in money rather than goods
Encouraged individual ownership of land

35. How Imperialism Changed Africa
Downgraded traditional African culture and weakened family/tribal ties
Led to forced labor and abuses of human rights
Created artificial boundaries that cut across historical, ethnic, and cultural boundaries
Improved medical care, sanitation, and nutrition

36. How Imperialism Changed Africa
Expanded transportation and communication – opened remote areas
Increased agricultural production with new seeds and fertilization (Green Revolution)
Created new educational and career opportunities
Population explosion

37. How Imperialism Changed Africa
Increased production of cash crops need in Europe (Africa became more dependent on importing food)
Exploited natural resources (minerals, lumber, rubber)
By the mid 1960s most of Africa broke away and was independent

38. Imperialism Quiz 1 – List three effects of Imperialism on Africa
2 – Name three European countries that controlled Africa
3 – Explain why Africa was ripe for the taking
4 – Explain what the Berlin Conference was and did
5 – What was the lasting effect of imperialism that is still being felt today

39. Independence Journal Entry #3
You have been under the rule of the seniors for 1 year and then the annual competition between the seniors and juniors begins. You are useful to the seniors in the war and help them win the competition. When the competition is over you ask for some repayment of your services – in the form of freedom. Some of the seniors give you some freedom and some refuse to hear your requests.
One freshmen versus the whole senior class will not work. What are your options, tools to resist and what are your reactions?

40. African Independence
WWII breaks ( ) out and European powers ask African colonies to supply men for the war
After the War Africans do not want to suffer under European rule any longer
After WWII Africans - Scramble for Independence
Africa was very weak and needed strength in order to push the Europeans back to Europe

41. Effects of European Rule
Colonial rule left Africa in a state of infancy
Were not trained in how to run a government, just told what to do
Were accustom to the European lifestyle, and dependent upon it
Borders that were drawn by Europeans grouped ethnic rivals together and separated ethnic groups that were similar – disunity

42. “Africa for Africans” Unity before Independence
Negritude Movement and Pan-Africanism develop
Negritude Movement: celebrate African culture, heritage, and values through the arts
Pan-Africanism: unity of all Africans
Nationalism

43. Independence?
Without European guidance could Africa survive in the world and could it progress with the world?

44. How was Independence Gained: A look at 4 country’s struggles
Ghana (British) (Gold Coast – former name)
Kwame Nkrumah
Nonviolent Independence movements
1957 independence gained
Strong Start
Gold, cocoa, diamonds
1966 Nkrumah ousted
Since 1981 military rule/dictator

45. How was Independence Gained: A look at 4 country’s struggles
Kenya (British)
Jomo Kenyatta united the
many different ethnic groups
Mau Mau
1963 Independence
Kenyatta President
University students
1990s
Moi’s

46. How was Independence Gained: A look at 4 country’s struggles
Congo
1960 by Belgium
Weak and unprepared
Mobutu Sese Seko
Wastes and steals
money and resources
Laurent Kabilia

47. How was Independence Gained: A look at 4 country’s struggles
Algeria (French)
Violent means to bring about freedom
1962 France gave independence
Government tried to modernize and industrialize
Islamic
Civil War

48. How was Independence Gained: A look at 4 country’s struggles
Angola (Portugal)
1975
Couldn’t afford
Not prepared
Rebel groups
Soviet Union and Cuba
USA
NO strong government

49. Independence Quiz
1 – Explain the two means that African used to seek independence
2 – What country was the first to receive independence from Europe
3 – Explain how Europe turned Africans against Africans in the fight for Independence
4 – What decade saw the most independent African countries
5 – Who was Jomo Kenyatta and what did he do

53. Origins of Apartheid 1910 South Africa free
But ruled by a white minority until 1994
1948 Nationalist party takes power in Africa
Dutch Settlers
Strong belief in white superiority
Set up a system of rigid race separation (apartheid)

55. Logistics of Apartheid
Categories:
White
Black
“Coloured” (mixed race)
Asian
Nonwhites could not vote, restricted to certain areas to live and work - infertile
“Separation of races/ethnic groups allowed each group to develop its own culture”

56. Logistics of Apartheid
Pass system – All blacks living in town had to carry to control their movement
“Black” schools, buses, restaurants, etc.

57. Struggle Against
Leaders of Nonviolence approach: Albert Luthuli, Archbishop Desmond Tutu, Nelson Mendela, African National Congress
Protests, demonstrations, rallies
Government used violent means
Sharpeville Massacre
World Responds: UN, USA, Olympics
Embargos, banned, sanctions

59. The End Pass books, and restrictions slowly lifted
1989 President F.W. de Klerk
1990 New Constitution
1994 new elections
Mandela President, 1994

60. Effects of Apartheid
People from rural areas are looking for work; high birthrate
People cannot afford to eat a balanced diet
Smog from cars; smoke from coal and wood fires
Floods; rainforest deforestation
Unemployment; chronic illness
Poor sanitation; lack of affordable healthcare

61. Africa Today Summit Recovery Urbanization and Modernization
Continent Unity
International Ties

62. Africa’s Challanges AIDS Epidemic Famine Status of Women Debt
Civil War
Genocide