1. Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory Using Conceptual Models to Select Indicators for Monitoring Conditions on Rangelands Bob Breckenridge October 20, 2003

2. Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory Purpose To use existing conceptual models from the literature, combined with field experience to address questions about the conditions of rangelands on appropriate temporal and spatial scales

3. Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory TO ACCOMPLISH THIS: A set of selection criteria was developed and submitted to stakeholders for evaluation (e.g., weighting). PRODUCT: The outcome from this effort could be a consensus-driven approach useful for evaluating candidate indicators for assessing change to sensitive receptors and process that could be field tested.

4. Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory

7. Criteria for Indicator Selection Applicable and readily interpretable across different regions Correlation with change in ecosystem process Temporal and spatial variability Best periods to sample (index period) Ability to be quantified by synoptic or automated monitoring Labor, eqiupment, analytical and data analysis costs

8. Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory Criteria for Indicator Selection (continued) Amount and quality of available data Ability to assess shift between ecotones Responsive/sensitive to change Is anticipatory (has early warning potential) Degree of environmental impact from sampling Status of method (established vs. experimental) Cost-effectiveness

9. Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory INDICATORS SELECTED Spectral properties – includes albedo and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI); measured using spectral reflectance and verified with ground measurements Vegetation composition, structure, and above ground biomass – includes leaf Area Index (LAI) as a measure of productivity Biogeochemistry – includes C:N:P ratio, soil, litter, and vegetation samples Energy balance – includes air temperature, monthly precipitation, Bowens Ratio, and Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) for assessing energy balance

10. Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory INDICATORS SELECTED Landscape patterns – description of the geometry of land cover patterns, I.e., fractal dimensions, patch size, and connectivity Water balance/water quality – includes conductivity, N,P,K organic carbon, alkalinity, and benthic macroinvertebrates. Water quantity – water balance on watershed and groundwater basin level, infiltration rates Retrospective index – developed using dendrochronology, PDSI records, pollen records, packrat middens, and charcoal records

11. Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory INDICATORS SELECTED Fauna – includes the Breeding Bird Census, ants and ground beetle abundance, composition and distribution Erosion index – developed using soil loss values from wind and water loss equations Soil physical profile characteristics – includes surface and soil profile description and physical properties.

12. Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory Figure 6. Soil interactions between key EMAP-Arid components.

13. Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory Figure 9. Conceptual model showing how natural (rainfall intensity) and man induced (grazing pressure) stresses influence shifts from grassland ecosystems to shrubland in the Southwest U.S.

14. Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory Figure 10. Indicator Development Process (Source: Barber, 1993)

15. Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory Decision Analysis Using the Kepner-Tregoe (K-T) Process 1.Define decision statement in terms of must objectives (mandatory) and want objectives (desirable) 2.Weight the want objectives from most important to least (ID what matters most and what could be done without) 3.Evaluate alternative indicators against must (go/no go) and want criteria from best meets and score others relative to it (which best fulfills the criteria) 4.Evaluate consequences of alternatives (evaluate probability and seriousness) 5.Make final decision

16. Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory Total Weighted Score for each Indicator Indicator CategoryTotal weighted K-T score Spectral properties750 Vegetation composition and cover710 Energy balance (Bowens ratio)676 Erosion index628 Biogeochemistry625 Landscape patterns620 Retrospective511

17. Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory EMAP-Arid Indicator Categories Spectral Reflectance (NDVI, Albedo) Vegetation Composition, Abundance, and Structure (LAI, HLI) Energy Balance (Bowens Ratio, APAR) Erosion Index (WEPP, RUSLE) Biogeochemistry (C:N:P Ratios) Landscape Ecology (Fractal Dimension) Water Balance (Infiltration Rate) Faunal (Species Richness, Trophic Structure)

18. Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory Figure 4. Detailed conceptual models were used to show how ecosystem indicator categories could be selected.