1. Becoming a World Power:

2. Growth of Imperialism What is Imperialism? How is this done?
A policy in which a stronger nation works to create an empire
Emerged in the mid-1800s through the early 1900s
How is this done?
By dominating weaker nations/territories economically, politically, culturally, or militarily

3. Why Imperialism Grew
In the late 1800s, there was a large increase in imperialistic activity as a result of the following factors:
Economic
Nationalist
Military
Humanitarian
The U.S. joined in the competition for territories once it became a world power

4. Economic Factors
An overall desire for raw materials & natural resources:
World:
The growth of industry in Europe created an increased need for natural resources (rubber & petroleum)
Manufacturing nations needed new markets in which to sell their goods
U.S.:
By the late 1800s, Americans had more food & goods than they could consume
New markets could solve economic problems
Gain political influence by investing in other countries

5. Nationalistic Factors
Imperialists around the world used ideas of racial, national, and culture superiority to justify imperialism
Social Darwinism (survival of the fittest) was used to justify this: certain nations & races were superior to others and were destined to rule over inferior peoples & cultures
Competition among European nations came out of a strong devotion to one’s nation (nationalism)
Americans feared the U.S. was losing its vitality, energy, & spirit
A quest for a lager empire could restore the country
Monroe Doctrine: From 1823, it discouraged European intervention in the Western Hemisphere

6. Military Factors
To expand and protect their interests around the world, imperialist nations built up their military strength.
World:
Advances in military technology in Europe produced armies & navies superior to those in Africa & Asia
The navies required bases around the world for receiving fuel & supplies

7. Military Factors U.S.: Alfred T. Mahan:
Military historian & naval officer
Played a key role in transforming the U.S into a naval power
In The Influence of Sea Power Upon History he said that great nations have powerful navies
Called on U.S. to build a modern fleet
Create a strong U.S. Navy—build modern steam-powered, steel-hulled ships to protect overseas trade
Economic future depended on naval protection
Led to an increased budget—one of most powerful navies in the world
By 1900, U.S. had 3rd largest navy

8. Humanitarian Factors
Imperialism spread as a result of the goals of humanitarians:
World:
Colonial officials, doctors, & missionaries believed it was their duty to spread the “blessings” of Western civilization
Worked to spread its law, medicine, & Christian religion
U.S.:
Used Social Darwinism to justify expansion:
Believe expansionism was the nation’s destiny, would spread democracy & Christianity, and introduce modern civilization to other peoples around the world

9. Eyes on the Prize
Americans who pursued expansion focused on 3 main areas of the world:
Latin America
Islands in the Pacific
China

11. Opening up Japan
Matthew Perry: U.S. naval commodore who successfully opened Japan up to trade with the U.S. in 1854
Allowed U.S. to expand in the Pacific with trade and naval bases

12. Involvement in Latin America
U.S had strong interest there as a result of the Monroe Doctrine:
Declaration by President Monroe on 1823
Stated that the U.S. would oppose efforts by any outside power to control a nation in the Western Hemisphere
Within the U.S. a sense/feeling of intense national pride and a desire for an aggressive foreign policy developed—known as jingoism

13. The Spanish-American War
Military conflict between the U.S. and Spain
Marked the start of U.S. imperialism
The war began after the American demand for Spain's peaceful resolution of the Cuban fight for independence was rejected
Expansionist sentiment & Monroe Doctrine motivated intervention
U.S. Army War with Spain campaign streamer.

14. What Led to U.S. Involvement?
Yellow Press: Newspapers that used sensational headlines & exaggerated stories in order to promote readership
Rival newspapers publishers Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst were main source
Heightened the public’s dislike of the Spanish government
Americans sympathized with the Cuban rebels who were compared to the patriots of the American Rev.

15. What Led to U.S. Involvement?
deLome Letter:
American newspapers printed a letter from Spanish ambassador de Lome that spoke unfavorably of President McKinley
U.S.S. Maine:
Battleship sent to Havana when riots broke out
In February, an explosion sank the Maine killing over 250 Americans
Americans blamed Spanish and called for war

16. The USS Maine entering Havana Harbor on January 25, 1898
The USS Maine entering Havana Harbor on January 25, The Ship would explode three weeks later

17. Wreckage of the Maine, 1898
The recovered mast of the USS Maine is placed as an Arlington National Cemetery memorial to those who died during the 1898 sinking.

18. The Spanish-American War
Congress recognized Cuban independence
Authorized force against Spain
Began in April 1898
Teller Amendment: Stated that the U.S. had no intention of annexing Cuba
U.S. destroyed Spain’s entire Pacific fleet
American troops invaded Cuba
Teddy Roosevelt led 1st Volunteer Cavalry: Rough Riders

19. San Juan Hill
The Rough Riders were a group organized and commanded by Roosevelt
Included cowboys, miners, policemen, and college athletes
Roosevelt led Rough Riders in a charge up San Juan Hill
Most famous incident of the war
Included African Americans
Spanish surrendered shortly after

20. Charge of the Rough Riders at San Juan Hill by Frederic Remington (1909)

21. Roosevelt and the Rough Riders atop San Juan Hill, Cuba, Spanish-American War, The charge up San Juan Hill made Roosevelt, along with Admiral Dewey of Navy who experienced great success in the Philippines, the heroes of the war and thrust TR into the national spotlight.

22. “A Splendid Little War”
--Sec. Of State John Hay
April-July 1898
Treaty of Paris:
Signed in Dec to end the war
Spain recognized Cuban independence
U.S. gains Guam & Puerto Rico
U.S. purchased Philippines for $ 20 million
Teller Amendment prevented the U.S. from taking Cuba

23. Annexation of Hawaii Important stepping stone to Asia
Overthrew Queen Liliuokalani (Lee-lee-oo-al-kal-ani)
Annexed (taken in) in 1898
Became the 50th state in 1959
7 months after Alaska

24. An Open Door to China
European nations and the U.S. were interested in creating spheres of influence: areas of economic & political control (by an outside power) in China
Britain, France, Germany, & Russia had carved China into spheres of influence to avoid competing for trade
Within its zone, each power had privileged access to Chinese ports and markets
This system threatened to limit U.S. trade in China

25. Leave the Door Open… John Hay: U.S. Secretary of State
Proposed the Open Door doctrine to keep the doors of trade open for the Americans, who were too late to profit from the carving up of China.
U.S. urged the Open Door Policy: favored open trade relations between China & other nations
Would ensure that the U.S. would have equal access to China’s millions of consumers
Many European countries rejected this idea

26. Boxer Rebellion
Presence of foreigners caused resentment and some in China joined secret societies
Societies celebrated traditional customs & criticized Western ways
One society, the Righteous and Harmonious Fists had the nickname “boxers” for their martial arts training
Boxers killed foreign missionaries in May 1900 and violence against foreigners broke out
Prompted the governments of Europe and America to send troops to stop rebellion U.S. helps put down rebellion
After putting down rebellion, European powers forced China’s government to pay for damages
Fueled Chinese nationalists

27. Puerto Rico
Foraker Act: law establishing a civil government in Puerto Rico
Puerto Rico had been under direct U.S. military rule
Act authorized the U.S. president to appoint a governor and part of the legislature

28. Cuba
Platt Amendment: Set of conditions under which Cuba was granted independence in 1902
Added to Cuban Constitution
Included restrictions on rights of Cubans
Granted the U.S. the right to intervene to preserve order in Cuba

29. U.S. in Latin America – “The Land Divided, the World United”
President Roosevelt wanted to build a canal across the isthmus (small piece of land connecting to larger pieces of land) of Panama
Would provide a shorter route between the Atlantic & Pacific
Would make shipping faster
Ease naval transportation

30. Americans try to purchase land from Columbia (controlled Panama at this time)
Columbia would not sell
America started revolt for Panamanian independence
Gave aid to Panamanians
Angered many Americans
Roosevelt responds “I took the Canal Zone and let Congress debate; and while the debate goes on the canal does also.”

32. Panama Canal Negatives of the Canal:
Yellow Fever and Malaria, tropical diseases
U.S. sends doctors to help control diseases
Canal opens in 1914 (as war breaks out in Europe)
Completed ahead of schedule
Reduces the amount of time and shipping costs

35. “Speak softly & carry a big stick; you will go far.”
--Teddy Roosevelt

36. Big Stick Diplomacy
Roosevelt’s policy of creating & using, when necessary, a strong military to achieve America’s goals
Roosevelt Corollary:
1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine—asserted the right of the U.S. to intervene in Latin American nations
US becomes “international police force” – (TR)
Steps in when countries seem unstable

38. The Great White Fleet
Teddy Roosevelt's "Big Stick" included a worldwide tour of the American fleet to project American Power.
Sent in December 1907
½ the U.S. Navy was sent on a cruise around the world
Demonstrated the nation’s naval power

39. The Great White Fleet

40. Taft & Dollar Diplomacy “Substituting dollars for bullets”
Became President in 1908—not as aggressive as Roosevelt
Worked to maintain the open door to Asia & preserve stability in Latin America
Dollar Diplomacy:
Encouraged American investment abroad to maintain order
Did not always have profitable results

41. Moral Diplomacy
Stated that the U.S. would not use force to assert influence in the world, but would instead promote human rights
Stated by President Woodrow Wilson
Attempted to change the direction of foreign policy instead of seeking additional territories
Still forced to use military force in various areas