1. IGCSE Coordinate Science 1 Thermal Energy
P5, P6, C6 Key Notes

2. Review
List the three major states of matter & brainstorm everything you can remember about each one.

3. Expansion Many substances expand when heated
When heated, the particles (atoms or molecules) in a substance gain Kinetic Energy so they vibrate more
This means they need more space
So the substance expands
Heat

4. Important note! The particles in a substance do not expand themselves!
Heat
Particles are the same size

5. Contraction The opposite happens when most substances are cooled
The particles vibrate less
They need less room
The substance contracts
Cools

6. Solids
The expansion of solids is small but strong!
Like me!

7. Expansion in solids
This means that we sometimes have to take into account expansion

8. Expansion in solids
This means that we sometimes have to take into account expansion

9. Real Life Expansion

10. Contraction can also be a problem

11. Liquids
Most liquids expand when heated

12. Gases Gases expand a lot when heated!

13. Boyle’s Law Review – What was Boyle’s law?
The volume of a fixed mass of gas is inversely proportional to its pressure, provided its temperature remains constant.
So what if gasses are heated? What will happen to its volume if pressure remains constant?

14. Temperature and volume of a gas at constant pressure
When gas is heated (at constant pressure) the gas expands.

15. Investigating Ice (Water)
Measure (or zero) the mass of a glass beaker.
Place at least 50 g of ice cubes in the beaker. Measure the mass of the ice cubes.
You will be investigating temperature vs. time as ice melts.
Measure the initial temperature of the ice (time = 0 s)
Using the hot plate, heat the beaker. Measure and record the temperature every 30 seconds until all the water has evaporated.
Create a temperature vs. time graph.

16. Thermal Capacity
Thermal Capacity: Amount of heat required to change a substance’s temperature by a given amount.
The higher the thermal capacity, the more heat an object must absorb to increase its temperature.
Dependent on what the material is made of
Objects such as wood, glass, and plastic have higher thermal capacities compared to metals such as iron and aluminum.

17. Specific Heat Capacity
Specific Heat Capacity : the energy required to raise the temperature of 1kg of substance by 1oC.
Different substances have different specific heat capacities.

18. Specific Heat Capacity
Energy = mass x specific heat capacity x change in temperature
Q = mcΔT
Where
Q = energy in J
M = mass in kg
C = specific heat capacity in J /kgoC
ΔT = Tfinal – Tinitial (both in oC)

19. Examples
1. Water has a specific heat capacity of J/kgoC while sand has a specific heat capacity of 1381 J/kgoC. What does this mean?
2. A hot water tank contains 200kg of water at 20oC. How much energy must be supplied to heat this water to 70oC? The specific heat capacity of water is 4200 J/kgoC .

20. Phase Change

21. Melting/Fusion and Boiling/Vaporization

22. Latent Heat
Latent Heat of Fusion – the amount of heat needed to change the state of 1kg of substance from solid to liquid (or vice versa)
Lf = 340,000 J/kg (latent heat of fusion of water)
Latent Heat of Vaporization – the amount of heat needed to change the state of 1kg of substance from liquid to gas (or vice versa)
Lv = 2,300,000 J/kg (latent heat of vaporization of water)

23. Evaporation vs. Boiling
Evaporation is not boiling. It is the escape of more energetic molecules from the surface of a liquid.
With boiling, evaporation is very rapid as vapor bubbles form throughout the liquid, rise to the top, and burst – releasing large amounts of vapor.

24. Methods of Heat Transfer - 1
1. Conduction – heat transfer between solids.
Molecules in a solid are very close to each other. When one part of a solid object, say a metal spoon, is heated, the other tip of the spoon will be hot after some time.

25. Conduction Types of Materials:
a) Conductors – materials that allow heat to transfer rapidly.
Metals are good examples of conductors.
b) Insulators – materials that do not rapidly allow heat to transfer.
Wood and plastics are good examples of insulators.

26. Methods of Heat Transfer - 2
2. Convection – heat transfer between fluids (liquids and gasses)

28. Methods of Heat Transfer - 3
3. Radiation – energy spreading out from a source carried by particles or waves
The hotter the object, the more infrared radiation it gives out.

30. Good Absorbers, Good Emitters
It is the surface that determines whether an object absorbs or reflects infrared radiation.
A surface that is a good reflector is a poor absorber.
Matt black surfaces are the best absorbers and best emitters (the worst reflectors).

31. Home Insulation
Where does the heat go?

32. Ways of Retaining Energy in a House

33. Endothermic and Exothermic
Follow the instructions at each station carefully and be sure to clean up after yourself! Stay at the station until the buzzer sounds.
Be sure to record measurements and observations when prompted!

34. Endothermic and Exothermic
Read pages , then review each demonstration and decide if the reaction was endothermic or exothermic. Be sure to cite a reason why!
Define exothermic & endothermic.