1. Solutions

2. Key Terms A mixture that is the same throughout A mixture that is not the same throughout Another name for a homogenous mixture A mixture in which the particles spontaneously separate over time Homogenous Mixture Suspension Solution Heterogeneous Mixture

3. More Key Terms In a solution, the substance that dissolves the other substance In a solution, the substance that is dissolved Most common solvent Solutions in which water is the solvent Solvent Solute Water Aqueous

4. Solutions Examples Solid-solidSolid-liquidLiquid-liquidGas-liquidGas-gasGas-solid Alloys, ex: brass (Zn and Cu) Water and ethanol Sugar and water Carbon dioxide and water The air we breathe Air trapped in ice

5. A few more Key Terms A stable heterogeneous mixture. It is made up of tiny particles, that are too big to make it a solution, but too small to separate. Most have a _________ that keeps them from making bigger particles that would settle out. Example: Colloid Charge Milk

6. Comparing the Mixture Types Particle Size? See Through? Settle Out? Tyndall Effect? Solutions Suspensions Colloids Small Large Medium Yes No Yes No Tyndall Effect – the phenomenon in which light is scattered by very small particles in its path.

7. Separates liquids from solids that have settled Separates substances of different densities. Separates solids from liquids using heat Ways to Separate Mixtures Decanting Centrifuge Evaporation

8. Separates solids from liquids using a special paper. Separates liquids from liquids that have different boiling points Separates components of a mixture by using a mobile phase and a solid phase. Ways to Separate Mixtures Distillation Filtration Chromatography

9. Concentration Equations Molarity –Moles solute per liter solution Molality –Moles solute per kg solvent Parts per million –g solute per 1,000,000 g solution

10. How to solve Molarity (M=mol/L) –Determine moles of solute –Divide by volume in Liters of solution Or –M 1 x V 1 = M 2 x V 2 (if a Dilution Problems) Molality (m=mol/kg) –Determine moles of solute –Divide by mass of solvent in kg Parts per Million (ppm = mass/mass x 1000000) –Divide mass of solute by mass of solvent (both in grams) –Multiply by 1,000,000

11. Examples - Molarity 5.85 grams of NaCl are added to enough water to make 500 mL of solution. What is the molarity of the solution? You want to make 250 mL of a 0.20 M solution of KNO 3. How many grams would you need? You need to make 500 mL of 3.0 M HCl. How much 12.0 M HCl would you need?

12. Examples – Molality and Parts per Million 30.0 grams of zinc is dissolved into 440 grams of gold. What is its molality? Helium gas, 3.0 x 10 -4 g, is dissolved in 200.0 g of water. Express this concentration in parts per million.

13. Homework Page 489 – 37, 39, 40, 41, 43, 44, 46, 51