2. PCS Extension to Hata Model, Walfisch Bertoni Model, Indoor Propagation and Partition Losses
Instructor: Dr. Mustafa Shakir

3. PCS Extension to Hata Model
PCS Extension to Hata Model Euorpean Cooperative for Scientific and Technical Research (EURO-COST)

4. Walfisch and Bertoni Model
Walfisch and Bertoni considers the impact of rooftops and building height by using diffraction to predict average signal strength at street level
P0 represents the free space loss
P1 is based upon diffraction and determines the signal loss from the rooftop to the street
Q2 gives the reduction in the rooftop signal due to the row of the buildings which immediately shadow thereceiver at street level
The pathloss S as product of three fators
𝑆= 𝑃 0 𝑄 2 𝑃 1

6. Indoor PropagationIndoor
channels are different from traditional mobile radio channels in two different ways:
The distances covered are much smaller
The variablity of the environment is much greater for a much smaller range of T-R separation distances.
The propagation inside a building is influenced by:
Layout of the building
Construction materials
Building type: sports arena, residential home, factory,...

7. Microcells Models Smaller cells for increased capacity
Base station height is typically about that as lamp posts in a street(3-6 m above ground level)
Coverage is typically few hundred meters and is determined mostly by specific locations and electrical characteristics of surrounding buildings
Dominant propagation mechanisms are:
Free space propagation + multiple reflection+ scattering+ diffraction around vertical edges of buildings and rooftops
In urban areas lowering the antenna height and the output power will reduce the cell coverage area thus reducing the number of usersin the cell and most important frequencies in the cell can be reused within small distance. This leads to increased over all capacity

8. Indoor Propagation
Indoor propagation is domited by the same mechanisms as outdoor: reflection, scattering, diffraction.
--However, conditions are much more variable Doors/windows open or not
The mounting place of antenna: desk, ceiling, etc.
The level of floors
Indoor channels are classified as
Line-of-sight (LOS)
Obstructed (OBS) with varying degrees of clutter.

9. Indoor Propagation Buiding types Residential homes in suburban areas
Residential homes in urban areas
Traditional office buildings with fixed walls (hard partitions)
Open plan buildings with movable wall panels (soft partitions)
Factory buildings
Grocery stores
Retail stores
Sport arenas

10. Indoor propagation events and parameters
Temporal fading for fixed and moving terminals
Motion of people inside building causes Ricean Fading for the stationary receivers
Portable receivers experience in general:
Rayleigh fading for OBS propagation paths
Ricean fading for LOS paths.
Multipath Delay Spread
Buildings with fewer metals and hard-partitions typically have small rms delay spreads: 30-60ns.
---Can support data rates excess of several Mbps without equalization
Larger buildings with great amount of metal and open aisles may have rms delay spreads as large as 300ns.
---Can not support data rates more than a few hundred Kbps without equalization.
Path Loss
The following formula that we have seen earlier also describes the indoor path loss:
-- PL(d)[dBm] = PL(d0) + 10nlog(d/d0) + Xs
>>n and s depend on the type of the building
>>Smaller value for s indicates the accuracy of the path loss model.

12. Partition Losses
In building path loss:Partition losses (same floor) Partition losses between floors Signal Penetration into Buildings
There are two kind of partition at the same floor:
Hard partions: the walls of the rooms
Soft partitions: moveable partitions that does not span to the ceiling The path loss depends on the type of the partitions
Partitions vary widely in physical and electrical characteristics making it difficult to apply general models to indoor installations specifically.

14. Introduction-Fading
One of the most interesting applications of radio communications, that is communication between mobile people, has many impairments.
Due to multiple users, mobility and environment dynamics, the mobile radio channel is impaired by noise, interference as well as time-varying fluctuations
System design requires statistical characterization of both disturbances and random channel space/time variations
Envelope variations are due to phenomena on different spatial/temporal

15. Wireless Propagation Environment

16. Multipath Effects
Rapid changes in signal strength over a small travel distance or time interval
Random frequency/phase modulation due to Doppler shifts on different multipath signals
Time dispersion caused by multipath propagation delays

17. Impulse Response Model of a Multipath Channel
A mobile radio channel may be modeled as a linear filter with a time varying impulse response, where the time variation is due to receiver motion in space.
The filtering nature of the channel is caused by the summation of amplitudes and delays of the multiple arriving waves at any instant of time.

18. Channel Impulse Response
Due to the different multipath waves which have propagation delays which vary over different spatial locations of the receiver, the impulse response of the linear time invariant channel should be a function of the position of the receiver.

19. Multipath Radio Channel