1. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc..
Chapter 10 and 11
Nervous System
Test Preparation
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2. Know the basic structure of a neuron
Neurons are the structural and functional units.
Neuroglial Cells surround the neuron
Dendrites receive input
Axons (nerve fibers) carry information away from the cell as nerve impulses

3. Know the direction and function of sensory and motor neurons.
What is efferent and afferent?

4. Know the difference between the structures, functions and divisions of both the CNS and the PNS

5. Levels of Organization of the NERVOUS SYSTEM
CNS
(Brain and Spinal Chord)
(Interneurons)
PNS
(Cranial Nerves &
Spinal Nerves)
Sensory
(Input into CNS)
(Afferent Neurons)
Motor
(Output from CNS)
(Efferent Neurons)
Somatic
(Effectors: Skeletal Muscle)
(Conscious Control)
Autonomic
(Effectors: Smooth Muscle,
Cardiac Muscle, Glands)
(Unconscious Control)
Parasympathetic
(Homeostasis)
(NT: Acetylcholine)
Sympathetic
(Fight or Flight)
(NT: Norepinephrine)

6. Myelination of Axons Know how and why certain neurons are myelinated.
Know what cell are involved in myelination.
Know the structure of a myelinated neuron.

7. Classification of Neurons – Functional Classification
Know the three different types of neurons, where they work and how they work.

8. Classification of Neuroglial Cells
What is a neuroglial cell?
What are the 4 types of neuroglial cells?

9. The Synapse Know the structure and basic functions of a synapse.
What are the functions of neurotransmitters?
How and under what circumstances are they released?

10. Nerve Impulse What is RMP? What ions are involved?
What is an all or nothing response?
What is hyperpolarization and depolarization?
What is summation?
What is a refractory period?

11. Synaptic Potentials
What is an Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential (EPSP) and what happens to the postsynaptic neuron?
What is an Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential (IPSP) and what happens to the postsynaptic neuron?

12. Meninges What are the 3 layers of the meniges?
What are the locations and characteristics of each?
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Skin
Scalp
Subcutaneous tissue
Cranium
Bone of skull
Cerebrum
Dural sinus (superior
sagittal sinus)
Tentorium
cerebelli
Arachnoid
granulation
Dura mater
Cerebellum
Arachnoid
mater
Meninges
Vertebra
Pia mater
Spinal cord
Subarachnoid space
Falx cerebri
Meninges
Gray matter
White matter
Cerebrum
(a)
(b)

13. 11.3: Ventricles and Cerebrospinal Fluid
Name the four (4) ventricles
What is there basic function?
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Lateral ventricle (2)
Interventricular
foramen
Third ventricle
Cerebral
aqueduct
Fourth ventricle
To central canal
of spinal cord
(a)
Interventricular
foramen
Lateral
ventricle
Third ventricle
Cerebral
aqueduct
Fourth
ventricle
To central canal
of spinal cord
(b)

14. Cerebrospinal Fluid What is its function? What happens to excess CSF?
Where is it secreted
What is its function?
What happens to excess CSF?
Arachnoid
Granulations
Or Villi
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Blood-filled
dural sinus
Choroid plexuses
of third ventricle
Pia mater
Third ventricle
Subarachnoid space
Cerebral aqueduct
Arachnoid mater
Fourth ventricle
Dura mater
Choroid plexus of
fourth ventricle
Central canal of spinal cord
Pia mater
Subarachnoid space
Filum terminale
Arachnoid mater
Dura mater

15. 11.4: Spinal Cord What are its basic functions?
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Where does it begin and end?
What are its basic functions?
Brainstem
Spinal cord
Foramen
magnum
Cervical
enlargement
Vertebral
canal
Lumbar
Conus
medullaris
Cauda
equina
Filum
terminale
(a)
(b)

16. Reflex Arcs Know the two basic types of reflex arcs. 12
Unipolar Neuron 12

17. Reflex Arcs
Usually same neuron (Unipolar)

18. General Components of a Spinal Reflex
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Spinal cord
Interneuron
Dorsal 1
Receptor 3
Cell body
of sensory
neuron
White matter 2
Sensory neuron
Gray matter
I m p u l s e 4
Ventral
Central
canal
Motor neuron 5
Effector
(muscle
or gland)
(b)

19. Patellar Reflex Example is the knee-jerk reflex
Simple monosynaptic reflex (Simple Reflex)
Helps maintain an upright posture & prevents overstretching
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Axon of sensory
neuron
Spinal cord
Effector (quadriceps femoris
muscle group)
Cell body of
sensory neuron
Cell body of
motor neuron
Receptor associated with
dendrites of sensory neuron
Axon of motor
neuron
Patella
Direction of impulse
Patellar Tendon

20. Withdrawal Reflex
Prevents or limits tissue damage (sensory-association-motor)
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Cell body of sensory neuron
Axon of sensory neuron
Direction
of impulse
Interneuron
Spinal cord
Effector (flexor
muscle contracts
and withdraws part
being stimulated)
Axon of
motor neuron
Cell body of
motor neuron
Dendrite of
sensory
neuron
Pain
receptor
in skin
Tack

21. Crossed Extensor Reflex
Contralateral (on the other side) reflex
Maintain balance
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Interneuron + =
Stimulation – =
Inhibition + – – +
Sensory neuron
Extensor
relaxes
Extensor
contracts
Flexor
relaxes
Motor
neurons
Motor
neurons
Flexor contracts 17

22. Tracts of the Spinal Cord
Know the difference between ascending and descending tracts
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Fasciculus gracilis
Dorsal column
Fasciculus cuneatus
Posterior spinocerebellar tract
Lateral corticospinal tract
Lateral reticulospinal tract
Rubrospinal tract
Anterior spinocerebellar tract
Lateral spinothalamic tract
Anterolateral
system
Anterior spinothalamic tract
Anterior reticulospinal tract
Medial reticulospinal tract
Anterior
corticospinal
tract

23. Nervous System Subdivisions

24. 11.6: Peripheral Nervous System
Know the difference between cranial and spinal nerves and basic functions

25. Structure of a Peripheral Nerve
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Fascicle
Peripheral nerve
Epineurium
Motor neuron ending
Axon
Perineurium
Endoneurium
Node of Ranvier
Sensory receptor
Schwann cell
Myelin sheath
Neurilemma

26. Nerve and Nerve Fiber Classification
Know the difference between sensory, motor and mixed nerves and the direction of nerve impulse conduction.

27. Nerve Fiber Classification
Know the basic difference between General and Special fibers.
Both efferent and afferent
Somatic and visceral

28. Spinal Nerves Know that most spinal nerves are mixed
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Know that most spinal nerves are mixed
Know how many pairs come form each region
Posterior
view C1 C2 C3 C4
Cervical
nerves C5 C6 C7 C8 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6
Thoracic
nerves T7 T8 T9
T10
T11
T12 L1
Cauda equina L2 L3
Lumbar
nerves L4 L5 S1 S2 S3
Sacral
nerves S4 S5 Co
Coccygeal
nerve

29. Spinal Nerves What part of the neuron comprises each?
Know the basic structures of spinal nerves.
What part of the neuron comprises each?
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Dorsal root
Dorsal branch
of spinal nerve
Dorsal root
ganglion
Ventral branch
of spinal nerve
Dorsal root
Ventral root
Posterior
median sulcus
Paravertebral
ganglion
Posterior
horn
Visceral branch
of spinal nerve
(b)
Lateral horn
Ventral branch
of spinal nerve (ventral ramus)
Anterior
horn
Dorsal branch
of spinal nerve (dorsal ramus)
Central
canal
Spinal nerve
Anterior
median
fissure
Paravertebral
ganglion
Visceral branch
of spinal nerve
Ventral root
(a)

30. Dermatome What is Dermatome?
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T12 L1
T12 L5 S1 S2 L1 S3 S2 L2 S4 C6 S5 S3 C0 C7 L3 L1 L2 L4 C8 L3 L5 S1 L4 L5
(a)
(b)

31. Nerve Plexuses
Know the 3 nerve plexuses and where they innervate.

32. Plexuses Cervical plexus Brachial plexus Lumbosacral plexus
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Posterior view C1
Cervical plexus C2 C3
(C1–C4) C4 C5 C6
Brachial plexus C7 C8
(C5–T1)
Musculocutaneous
nerve T1 T2 T3
Axillary nerve
Radial nerve T4
Median nerve T5
Ulnar nerve T6
Phrenic nerve
Intercostal
nerves T7 T8 T9
T10
T11
T12 L1
Cauda equina L2 L3
Lumbosacral plexus L4
Femoral
nerve
(T12–S5) L5 S1 S2 S3
Obturator nerve S4 S5 Co
Sciatic nerve

33. 11.5: Brain What are the major functions of the brain?
What are the 4 major parts of the brain?
What are the 5 lobes of the cerebrum?
What three structures make up the brainstem?

34. Structure of the Cerebrum
Be able to name the basic structure of the cerebrum
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Central sulcus
Parietal lobe
Gyrus
Sulcus
Frontal lobe
Lateral sulcus
Occipital lobe
Temporal lobe
Transverse
fissure
Cerebellar
hemisphere
(a)
Central sulcus
Parietal lobe
Central sulcus
Longitudinal
fissure
Occipital lobe
Frontal lobe
Parietal lobe
Insula
Occipital lobe
Retracted
temporal lobe
(b)
(c)

35. Lobes of the Cerebrum Five (5) lobes bilaterally: Frontal lobe
Parietal lobe
Temporal lobe
Occipital lobe
Insula
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Central sulcus
Parietal lobe
Occipital lobe
Frontal lobe
Insula
Retracted
temporal lobe
(c)

36. Functional Regions of the Cerebral Cortex
What is the cerebral cortex?
What is the basic function of each lobe?
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Central sulcus
Motor areas involved with the control
of voluntary muscles
Sensory areas involved with
cutaneous and other senses
Concentration, planning,
problem solving
Frontal eye field
Parietal lobe
Auditory area
Sensory speech area
( Wernicke’s area)
Front lobe
Occipital lobe
Motor speech area
(Broca’s area)
Combining
visual images,
visual recognition
of objects
Lateral sulcus
Interpretation of auditory patterns
Visual area
Cerebellum
Temporal lobe
Brainstem

37. Functions of the Cerebral Lobes

38. Sensory Areas (post-central sulcus)
Cutaneous sensory area
Parietal lobe
Interprets sensations on skin
Sensory area for taste
Near base of the central sulcus
Sensory area for smell
Arises from centers deep within the cerebrum
Visual area
Occipital lobe
Interprets vision
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Central sulcus
Motor areas involved with the control
of voluntary muscles
Sensory areas involved with
cutaneous and other senses
Concentration, planning,
problem solving
Frontal eye field
Parietal lobe
Auditory area
Temporal lobe
Interprets hearing
Auditory area
Sensory speech area
( Wernicke’s area)
Front lobe
Occipital lobe
Motor speech area
(Broca’s area)
Combining
visual images,
visual recognition
of objects
Lateral sulcus
Interpretation of auditory patterns
Visual area
Cerebellum
Temporal lobe
Brainstem

39. Association Areas What is the basic function of each?
What are association areas?
What is the basic function of each?
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Central sulcus
Motor areas involved with the control
of voluntary muscles
Sensory areas involved with
cutaneous and other senses
Concentration, planning,
problem solving
Frontal eye field
Parietal lobe
Auditory area
Sensory speech area
( Wernicke’s area)
Front lobe
Occipital lobe
Motor speech area
(Broca’s area)
Combining
visual images,
visual recognition
of objects
Lateral sulcus
Visual area
Interpretation of auditory patterns
Cerebellum
Temporal lobe
Brainstem

40. Association Areas Frontal lobe association areas Concentrating
Planning
Complex problem solving
Temporal lobe association areas
Interpret complex sensory experiences
Store memories of visual scenes, music, and complex patterns
Parietal lobe association areas
Understanding speech
Choosing words to express thought
Occipital lobe association areas
Analyze and combine visual images with other sensory experiences

41. Hemisphere Dominance What is the dominant hemisphere in most humans?
What does the dominant and dominant sides of the brain control?

42. Memory
What is the basic differences between short and long term memory?

43. Brainstem
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Hypothalamus
Know the three structure of the brainstem and the functions that make them unique.
Diencephalon
Thalamus
Corpus
callosum
Corpora
quadrigemina
Midbrain
Cerebral
aqueduct
Pons
Reticular
formation
Medulla
oblongata
Spinal cord

44. Types of Sleep
What are the major differences between the two types of sleep?

45. Cerebellum What are its major functions? What is the cerebellum?
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What is the cerebellum?
What are its major functions?
Longitudinal
fissure
Corpus callosum
Thalamus
Superior peduncle
Cerebellum
Pons
Middle peduncle
Inferior peduncle
Medulla oblongata

46. Major Parts of the Brain

47. Cranial Nerves Olfactory bulb Olfactory (I) Olfactory tract Optic (II)
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Olfactory bulb
Olfactory (I)
Olfactory tract
Optic (II)
Optic tract
Oculomotor (III)
Trochlear (IV)
Trigeminal (V)
Vestibulocochlear (VIII)
Abducens (VI)
Hypoglossal (XII)
Facial (VII)
Vagus (X)
Glossopharyngeal (IX)
Accessory (XI)

48. Functions of Cranial Nerves

49. Sympathetic Division
Fight or Flight 49

50. Parasympathetic Division
Rest and Digest